Download Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.

AP World History REVIEW - Period

1

Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E. The three to four key concepts per period define what is most essential to know about each period based upon the most current historical research in world history. This approach enables students to spend less time on factual recall, more time on learning essential concepts, and helps them develop historical thinking skills necessary to explore the broad trends and global processes involved in their study of AP World History.

Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The term Big Geography draws attention to the ________________ nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from _______________ to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were ______________ and ________________ in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunter-forager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively ___________________________. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated _____________________. 1. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. a. Humans used _______ in new ways: to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments. b. Humans developed a wider range of _________ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra. c. Economic structures focused on small ______________ groups of hunting-foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, not all groups were self-sufficient; they _____________________ people, ideas, and goods.

Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies In response to warming climates at the end of the last Ice Age, from about __________ years ago, some groups adapted to the environment in new ways, while others remained hunter-foragers. Settled __________________ appeared in several different parts of the world. The switch to agriculture created a more ___________, but not necessarily more _________________, food supply. Agriculturalists also had a massive impact on the _______________________ through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of _____________ systems, and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. Populations increased; family groups gave way to village life and, later, to urban life with all its complexity. ________________ and _________________________ systems developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. _______________ emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia. Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially _______________ than hunter-foragers. Because pastoralists were __________, they rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions, which would have been a hindrance when they changed grazing areas. The pastoralists’ mobility allowed them to become an important _____________ for technological change as they interacted with settled populations. 1. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. a. Possibly as a response to ______________ change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. b. Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of _________________________. c. Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local flora and fauna. d. Agricultural communities had to work _____________________ to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production. e. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed. 2. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. a. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which ___________________ the population. b. Surpluses of food and other goods led to ______________________ of ___________, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites c. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation. Required examples:

d.

In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, __________ groups accumulated ___________, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting _____________________ forms of social organization.

Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies From about ____________ years ago, urban societies developed, laying the foundations for the first civilizations. The term civilization is normally used to designate __________ societies with __________s and powerful ____________. While there were many differences between civilizations, they also shared important features. They all produced agricultural surpluses that permitted significant specialization of labor. All civilizations contained cities and generated complex institutions, such as political bureaucracies, armies, and religious hierarchies. They also featured clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized long-distance trading relationships. Economic exchanges intensified within and between civilizations, as well as with nomadic pastoralists.

As populations grew, __________________ for surplus resources, especially food, led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping. As civilizations expanded, they had to balance their need for more resources with environmental constraints such as the danger of undermining soil fertility. Finally, the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred ______________ between communities and/or with pastoralists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense. 1.

Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. a. Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations • Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys • Egypt in the Nile River Valley • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley • Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley • Olmecs in Mesoamerica • Chavín in Andean South America

2.

The first states emerged within core civilizations. a. States were powerful new systems of rule that __________ surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be ________ or had divine support and/or who was supported by the ________________. b. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably ____________ — including the Hittites, who had access to ________ — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake ________________________________________ and conquer surrounding states. c. Early regions of __________ expansion or _____________ building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. d. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Illustrative examples of new weapons

Illustrative examples of new modes of transportation

3.

Culture played a significant role in _____________ states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art. a. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. Illustrative examples:

b.

Elites, both _____________ and ______________, promoted arts and artisanship. Illustrative examples:

c.

Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. Illustrative examples:

d.

States developed legal codes, including the _______________________________, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods. Required examples:

e.

f.

Trrade expanded th hroughout this period p from locall to regional andd transregional, w with civilizationss exchanging gooods, cultural id deas, and technollogy. Requireed examples:

g. h.

__ ____________ and a __________ ________ hierarcchies intensified as states expandded and cities muultiplied. Liiterature was alsso a reflection off culture. Illustrative examples:

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AN NOTE ABOUT A T PREHIISTORY Y (BEFO ORE 35500 CE) A bassic type of periiodization is to divide all of tiime into "prehiistory" and "hiistory." Usuallyy the distinctioon is based on w whether or not the peeople left ____ _____________ __ records, butt the presence of o written recoords is very cloosely tied to thee beginnings off _________________ ___. Scholars are a not entirely sure about wh hen human beinngs first appearred on earth, buut new discoveeries continue to pussh the date furtther back in tim me. So "prehisttory" lasted forr _____________________ off years. The ffirst humans prrobably emergeed in ________ ____________ ____, due to a hhappy confluennce of _________________ off food and domeesticable animaals and favorab ble __________ _________. Fo or thousands off years humanss sustained them mselves as hunnters and gatheerers, and as a result r were quite __________ _______ on thee abundance off food. Hunterss gained skills in capturing annd killing animaals, and gatherers learned wh hich plants and fruits were ediible and nutritiious. Technoloogical inventionns generally suupported the fulfilllment of these basic activitiess. __________ ___ (and eventu ually ______________) were sshaped as toolss and weapons, and technniques were dev veloped for effficient gatherin ng and storage of o food. By _____________ BCE, B humans had h migrated to o many other areas, a probablyy following thee __________ aand other availlable food sourcces. Major mig grations includ de: • Early Africcans to Australlia, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia • Asians across the land brridge to the Am mericas

Our knnowledge of prrehistoric peoplee is ___________, partly becauuse they lived so long ago, and d partlyy because they lleft no written recordds. Howeever, archaeologists have foundd evidence of thhese generally ____________ characcteristics of prehisstoric people: M people trav veled in small baands, and authoriity was based onn ___________ rrelationships. Men took leadershhip roles, but Sociaal structure - Most womeen were highly __________ __ for their t gathering sk kills. Labor was generally divideed based on gennder, with men ass hunters and woomen as gatherrers. However, status differencess between men and a women weree generally not w wide, with relativve gender _____________ appareently characcterizing their grroup life.

Beliefs - Archaeologgical evidence suuggests that prehistoric people were guided by thheir beliefs in ____________ and ____________ places. Their cave ddrawings and traaces of their cultu ural objects indiccate that they beelieved in an ________________,, although they pprobably did nott practice polythheism, or a belief in many gods. Instead, polydaeemonism / _____ ___________, oor the belief in m many spirits (not specific gods), pprobably descriibes their religion n more accurately. Bushes, rock ks, trees, plants, or o streams couldd be inhabited byy these spirits, w who often appeared to __________________ with humans.   

Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations (Agricultural Transformation to River Valley Civilizations)

THE BIG PICTURE 1) Interactions among different groups of people on the planet were usually limited to groups that were geographically nearby, but interactions increased steadily throughout the time period, both in frequency and distance. 2) Physical geography and the natural environment interacted with human activities to shape changes and continuities during the time period.

MARKER EVENTS The invention of __________ The Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Transformation) 1) People settle down; first concept of _________________ 2) Division of labor 3) Social _______________ (accumulation of land; specialized occupations) 4) __________________ inequality (loss of women’s economic power; superior strength of men for agriculture) 5) The importance of _____________ (not everyone needed to be a farmer; food supplies more reliable) 6) Religious changes (shift from spirits to many “gods” with human characteristics; focus on _____________ and _______________) 7) Emergence of ___________ industries (pottery, metallurgy – copper then bronze then iron, textiles) 8) The growth of towns and cities • 7000 BCE - ____________ (Jordan River) and ____________________ (southern Turkey)

The _____________ of ________________ From ______________ to _______________ (Hebrews were first)

KEY TERMS Animism Book of Songs Caste system and varnas Cosmopolitan Cultural Diffusion vs. Independent Invention Cuneiform and hieroglyphics Diaspora Dynasty Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi’s Code Law Code Loess Lucy Monotheism Oracle Bones and Shamans Paleolithic Pastoralism Patriarchy Pharaoh Polytheism Social Mobility Specialization Surplus Theocracy Tribute Vassals Vedas Ziggurats 

TIME PERIODS • • •

The Paleolithic Age refers to about 12,000 BC. During this time people were _________________. The Neolithic Age refers to the age from about 12,000 BC to about 8000 BC. It is during this time that people settled in ____________________ and _____________________ began to emerge. River Valley Civilizations refers to about _______________ to _____________ BC. – Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Huang He Rivers; community cooperation to manage irrigation and flood control

WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Reliable surpluses of food Highly specialized occupations (more complex jobs including government, trade, religion) Clear social class distinctions Growth of cities Complex, formal governments Long-distance trade Advanced technology Organized writing systems (communication for trade, religion, taxes, and politics; Incas were an exception – no writing system)

THE WEB OF COMMERCE & CULTURES • • • • •

Egypt Mesopotamia Hittites Nubians Minoans / Mycenaeans

APWH Themes (SPICE Chart)

Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations (Agricultural Revolution to River Valley Civilizations) CULTURE

ECONOMY (and Technology)

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

INTERACTIONS

• Family important (ancestor-worship) • Ruling class, military, lower classes • Women had no rights

• Dynasties based on the Mandate of Heaven • Feudalism • Clans

• Remains isolated due to geography from other centers of urbanization. Constant threats from Xiongnu to the north and other nomadic groups.

• Filial piety • Oracle bones • Human sacrifice

• No evidence of social divisions

• Organized cities, not much known, but structured politically is suspected.

• At the end of the period, IndoEuropeans (Aryans) invade. • Trade with various peoples across the early river valley systems.

• Mother goddess/ fertility cult • Polytheism • Early form of Shiva

• Indoor plumbing, planned cities, written language, raised cities, agriculture

• Patriarchal societies (all) Some minor exceptions with the upper classes for women • Ruling classes, elite (soldiers, priests), lower classes, slaves

• Mesopotamia – city/states military and priests important • Hammurabi’s code • Egypt – pharaohs (god-kings) Theocracy

• Trade among societies spreads ideas. Evidence of Indus Valley trade via seals found in Mesopotamia. • Frequent war • Babylonian captivity • Phoenicians were early seafarers

• Polytheism, nature worship, god –kings (Egypt)

• Mathematical advances: calendars, number system, tools, irrigation, sails, pyramidal structures, writing systems: cuneiform and hieroglyphics

• Crossbow, irrigation, roads, canals, iron tools and weapons, plow, wheelbarrow • Domesticate animals

East Asia / Southeast Asia

South Asia

Middle East / Southwest Asia: Mesopotamia Egypt Hebrews

• Relief sculpture and painting. Elaborate tombs

• Domesticate animals

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

• Tribal, nomadic groups

Europe

CULTURE

• Migrations of various groups including the Hittites, bringing iron-working. Other IndoEuropeans migrate and settle in Greece and Italy.

• Polytheism, nature worship

ECONOMY (and Technology)

• Nomadic groups (Hittites) introduce iron-working

• Monolithic structures: Stonehenge

• Looser gender relations

• Village Chiefs • Clans (extended family units) • Basic unit: family

• Bantu speakers migrate throughout sub-Saharan Africa spreading ironworking and language, mixing with nomadic groups

• Polytheistic, animism, belief in a single creator-god • Griots – oral historians

• Iron tools, skipped Copper and Bronze ages

• Religiously linked rulers

• Religion-based • No apparent organization in Chavin culture

• Migration via Beringia from Asia during the Ice Age.

• Polytheistic, ritualistic sacrifice, jaguar spirit

• Monumental stone sculptures, pyramids, ball courts, pottery, irrigation and farming techniques (cultivation of maize and potatoes) • Domestication of llamas and turkeys

• Language group – Austronesian brought from Asia • Chiefs and nobles gained semi-divine status • Public rituals

• Sophisticated maritime technology • Lapita traded pottery and obsidian

Africa

Americas

• Chiefs and nobles organized public life

Oceania

INTERACTIONS

• Hereditary chiefdoms • Physical contests for leadership roles • Migration to ease tensions

• Two mother cultures emerge: Olmec in MesoAmerica, Chavin in South America

• Migrations began 60,000 years ago • 3000 BCE – trading ports in New Guinea • Sailed as far as Madagascar