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Chapter Introduction Section 1 Development of the Cold War Section 2 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Section 3 Western Europe and North America Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment

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Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of the Cold War.  • At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for political domination of the world.  • The United States fought in Korea and Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism.  • The Soviet Union used armies to maintain Soviet regimes in Eastern Europe.

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Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of the Cold War. • The creation of NATO and the European Economic Community helped Western Europe move toward political and economic unity during the Cold War.

The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today.  • NATO continues to flourish. Representatives of its 19 member nations form the North Atlantic Council, which is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.  • Nuclear weapons remain a threat to the peace and stability of the world.  • The civil rights struggle brought greater equality to African Americans and altered American attitudes toward race, discrimination, and poverty. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to:  • describe the development of the Cold War, the Cuban missile crisis, and the Vietnam War.  • identify Stalin and Khrushchev and describe the spread of Soviet power. 

• explain developments in postwar Western societies.

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Development of the Cold War Main Ideas • A period of conflict called the Cold War developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945.  • As the Cold War developed, European nations were forced to support one of the two major powers. 

Key Terms • satellite state 

• arms race 

• policy of containment 

• domino theory

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Development of the Cold War People to Identify • Dean Acheson  • Nikita Khrushchev 

Places to Locate • Berlin  • Federal Republic of Germany 

• German Democratic Republic

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Development of the Cold War Preview Questions • What were the major turning points in the development of the Cold War?  • What was the Cuban missile crisis?

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Development of the Cold War Preview of Events

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A newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann argued that the policy of containment could not work because he did not think the U.S. could contain the Soviet Union everywhere. He published his columns about containment in a book he titled, The Cold War. Lippmann came up with the term Cold War to describe a kind of war that did not include bloodshed.

Confrontation of the Superpowers • The division between Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe was the beginning of the Cold War.  • The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West.  • The United States feared communism.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • After World War II, the United States and Great Britain wanted the Eastern European nations to determine their own governments.  • Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free elections.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • In early 1947, President Harry S Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist expansion.  • As stated by Dean Acheson, the U.S. secretary of state, the United States was concerned that communism would spread throughout the free world if left unchecked. (pages 849–851) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • In June 1947, the European Recovery Program, better known as the Marshall Plan, began.  • This program was set up to rebuild wartorn Europe. 

• The Soviet Union and its economically and politically dependent Eastern European satellite states refused to participate in the Marshall Plan.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • In 1949, the Soviet Union set up the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) as a response to the Marshall Plan.  • COMECON was established to help the economies of Eastern European states.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of containment to keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • By 1948, Great Britain, the United States, and France worked to unify the three western sections of Germany and Berlin and create a West German government. 

• The Soviets opposed the creation of a West German state, so they tried to prevent it by setting up a blockade of West Berlin.  • The United States and Great Britain set up the Berlin Air Lift to fly in supplies to West Berlin. (pages 849–851) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • The Soviets ended the blockade of West Berlin in May 1949.

(pages 849–851)

Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) • The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, was formally created in September 1949.  • A month later, the German Democratic Republic was set up by the Soviets.  • Berlin was divided into two parts.

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Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.) What were several causes of the Cold War? The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West. The United States feared communism. After World War II, the United States and Great Britain wanted the Eastern European nations to determine their own governments. Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free elections. In early 1947, President Harry S Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist expansion. In June 1947, the Marshall Plan was set up to rebuild war-torn Europe. The Soviets saw the Marshall Plan as an attempt to buy the support of countries. (pages 849–851) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Spread of the Cold War • Chinese Communists took control of the government of China in 1949.  • As a result of the fall of China to communism and the Soviet Union’s explosion of its first atomic bomb in 1949, the Soviet Union and the United States began an arms race, in which both countries built up their armies and weapons.

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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) • In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed.  • This military alliance, which included Great Britain, France, other Western European nations, and the United States and Canada, agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked.  • In 1955, the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed the military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. (pages 851–853) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) • The Korean War began in 1950 when the Communist government of North Korea, allied with the Soviet Union, tried to take over South Korea.  • As a result, the United States extended its military alliances around the world.  • By the mid-1950s, the United States was in military alliances with 42 nations.

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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) • The United States, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to stop the Soviet expansion in the East. 

• Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain, and the United States formed the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) to stop Soviet expansion to the south.

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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) • In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the first man-made space satellite, to orbit the earth.  • Americans feared there was a missile gap between the Soviet Union and the United States.

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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) • In August 1961, on the order of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the East German government began to build a wall between West Berlin and East Berlin in order to stop the flow of East Germans escaping into West Berlin.

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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.) What military alliances formed as a result of the Cold War? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed. This military alliance, which included Great Britain, France, other Western European nations, the United States, and Canada, agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked. The Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed the military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. By the mid-1950s, the United States was in military alliances with 42 nations. The United States, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to stop Soviet expansion in the East. (pages 851–853) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Cuban Missile Crisis • In 1959, President Kennedy approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs and revolt against the Soviet-supported Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro.  • The invasion failed.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) • The Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba.  • In 1962 Khrushchev began to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to counteract U.S. nuclear weapons placed in Turkey, close to the Soviet Union.  • In October 1962, President Kennedy found out that Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles were headed to Cuba.



• So he ordered a blockade of Cuba to stop the ships from reaching Cuba. (page 853) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) • Khrushchev agreed to send the ships back and remove nuclear missiles in Cuba if Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba.  • Kennedy agreed.  • The Cuban missile crisis brought the world close to nuclear war.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) What caused the Cuban missile crisis, and how was it resolved? President Kennedy had approved the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. The invasion was a disaster, but afterward Soviet leader Khrushchev sent arms and military advisers to Cuba. In 1962, Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba to counteract U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey. The United States did not want nuclear weapons so close to the mainland, so Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba. Khrushchev agreed to turn back the ships carrying missiles if Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. Kennedy agreed. (page 853) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Vietnam and the Domino Theory • The Vietnam War had an important impact on the Cold War.  • Its purpose was to keep the Communist government of North Vietnam from gaining control of South Vietnam.  • U.S. policy makers applied the domino theory to the Vietnam War.  • According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in Asia would fall like dominoes to communism. (pages 853–854) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.) • An antiwar movement escalated in the United States as a result of the growing number of American troops sent to Vietnam and the mounting destruction of the war, which was brought into American homes by television.

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Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.) • President Johnson decided not to run for reelection because of public opinion against his handling of the war.  • Former Republican vice president Richard M. Nixon won the election with the promise to end the war and reunite the American people.  • In 1973, Nixon reached an agreement with North Vietnam allowing the United States to withdraw its troops.  • Within two years, Vietnam was forcibly reunited by Communist armies from the (pages 853–854) North. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.) How did the Vietnam War disprove the domino theory? Even though the United States was unable to stop communism in Vietnam, a split between Communist China and the Soviet Union put an end to the idea that there was a single form of communism directed by Moscow. Under President Nixon, U.S. relations with China were resumed. Other nations in Southeast Asia were able to avoid Communist governments. (pages 853–854) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

__ A 1. a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country

A. satellite state

__ C 2. building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy

C. arms race

B. policy of containment D. domino theory

__ D 3. idea that, if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall

__ B 4. a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves

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Checking for Understanding Explain why the Berlin Wall was built. What did the wall symbolize?

The Berlin Wall was built to stop the flow of refugees. The wall symbolized a division between superpowers.

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Checking for Understanding List the four powers that divided and occupied Germany.

The four powers that divided and occupied Germany were the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.

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Critical Thinking Evaluate In your opinion, why did the United States assume global responsibility for containing communism?

Analyzing Visuals Examine the photo of a campus sit-in shown on page 854 of your textbook. Students often used sit-ins to protest government policy in the 1960s and 1970s. What methods of protest do people use today? People use marches, advertising, and speaking before political bodies as methods of protest today.

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Close List the American presidents who held office during the Cold War. What major Cold War events took place during each administration?

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Main Ideas • As Soviet leader, Khrushchev initiated policies of de-Stalinization.  • The Soviet Union faced revolts and protests in its attempt to gain and maintain control over Eastern Europe. 

Key Terms • heavy industry  • de-Stalinization

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The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe People to Identify • Alexander Solzhenitsyn  • Tito 

• Alexander Dubček 

• Imre Nagy 

Places to Locate • Soviet Union 

• Poland 

• Albania 

• Hungary 

• Yugoslavia 

• Czechoslovakia

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The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Preview Questions • What were Khrushchev’s policies of deStalinization? 

• How did the Soviet Union exert its power over Eastern Europe?

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The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Preview of Events

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During Nikita Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization program, the government destroyed pictures and statues of Stalin. Many places named after Stalin, such as Stalingrad and Stalin Peak, were renamed during this program to dishonor Stalin.

The Reign of Stalin • The economy of the Soviet Union was devastated by World War II.  • To create a new industrial base, goods were produced almost exclusively for export.  • The money from export goods was used to buy machinery and Western technology.

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The Reign of Stalin (cont.) • By 1950, the Soviet Union had built new power plants, canals, and giant factories.  • Heavy industry, the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines, increased.  • The testing of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 and the launch of the first space satellite, Sputnik I, in 1957 made the Soviet Union a world power.

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The Reign of Stalin (cont.) • In 1946, the Soviet government said that all literary and scientific work must conform to the political needs of the state.  • Stalin died in 1953.

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The Reign of Stalin (cont.) What were the effects of the Soviet government’s economic methods enacted after World War II? By 1950, Russian industrial production surpassed prewar levels by 40 percent. The Soviet people, however, had a shortage of consumer goods and a severe shortage of housing.

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The Khrushchev Era • After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev became the chief policy maker in the Soviet Union.  • Under his leadership, de-Stalinization, or the process of eliminating some of Stalin’s ruthless policies, was put in place.  • Khrushchev loosened government controls on literature.  • For example, he allowed the publication of a work by Alexander Solzhenitsyn that depicted life in a Siberian forcedlabor camp. (pages 856–857) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Khrushchev Era (cont.) • He tried to increase the production of consumer goods and agricultural output.  • Khrushchev’s attempts to increase agricultural output failed, and the industrial growth rate also declined.  • In 1964, he was forced into retirement.

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The Khrushchev Era (cont.) Why did Soviet leaders force Khrushchev into retirement? Khrushchev failed to increase agricultural output. The industrial growth rate dramatically declined. Also, his foreign policy in Cuba failed.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • After World War II, Soviet-controlled Communist governments took control of Eastern European countries.  • However, in Albania, the Communist government grew increasingly independent of the Soviet Union.  • After World War II, Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz, or Tito, was an independent Communist state until Tito’s death in 1980. (pages 857–858) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) • Between 1948 and 1953, Eastern European satellite states instituted Soviettype five-year plans with emphasis on heavy industry.  • They began to collectivize agriculture.  • They set up secret police and military forces.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) • After Stalin’s death many Eastern European states tried to make reforms. 

• The Soviet Union, however, made it clear–especially in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia–that it would not allow its Eastern European satellites to become independent.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) • In 1956 revolts against communism erupted in Poland, and a series of reforms were adopted.  • Fearful of a Soviet armed response, however, the Poles pledged to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) • In 1956, after calls for revolt from Soviet control, Hungarian leader Imre Nagy declared Hungary a free nation.  • Three days later, Soviet troops attacked Budapest and reestablished control of the country.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) • In January 1968, Alexander Dubček was elected first secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia.  • He introduced reforms to the country, including freedom of speech and press.  • By August 1968, the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia, crushed the reform movement, and reestablished Soviet control.

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) What was the result of revolts against communism in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia?

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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.) In Poland a series of reforms were adopted. Fearful of a Soviet armed response, however, the Poles pledged to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact. Hungarian leader Imre Nagy declared Hungary a free nation. Three days later, Soviet troops attacked Budapest and reestablished control of the country. In January 1968, Alexander Dubček was elected secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia. He introduced reforms to the country. By August 1968, the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia, crushed the reform movement, and reestablished Soviet control. (pages 857–858)

Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

__ A 1. the manufacture of machines A. heavy industry and equipment for factories B. de-Stalinization and mines __ B 2. the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies

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Checking for Understanding Explain Khrushchev’s relationship to Stalinism.

Khrushchev set about eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies.

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Checking for Understanding List two countries in Eastern Europe that resisted Soviet dominance.

Albania and Yugoslavia resisted Soviet dominance.

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Critical Thinking Explain Why did Yugoslavia and Albania not come under the direct control of the Soviet Union?

Because Yugoslavia and Albania had strong Communist governments already, they were able to resist Stalin’s demands.

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Analyzing Visuals Compare the photograph on page 856 with the one on page 858 of your textbook. How does each photograph symbolize a different aspect of the Cold War?

The photo on page 856 of the textbook symbolizes the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The photo on page 858 of the textbook symbolizes the repressive use of the military by the Soviet Union to keep the nations of Eastern Europe under its control. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Close Discuss the doubtful nature of unity within the Soviet block.

Western Europe and North America Main Ideas • Postwar Western societies rebuilt their economies and communities.  • Shifting social structures in the West led to upheaval and change. 

Key Terms • welfare state 

• real wages

• bloc 

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Western Europe and North America People to Identify • Charles de Gaulle 

• Martin Luther King, Jr. 

• John F. Kennedy 

• Simone de Beauvoir 

Places to Locate • France  • West Germany

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Western Europe and North America Preview Questions • How did the EEC benefit the member nations?  • What were the major social changes in Western society after 1945?

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Western Europe and North America Preview of Events

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West Germany produced the richest economy in Western Europe by the mid1950s. The West German economy was based on free enterprise and provided state insurance for all workers.

Western Europe: Recovery • The Marshall Plan helped the countries of Western Europe recover relatively rapidly from the devastation of World War II.  • The 1950s and 1960s were periods of dramatic economic growth and prosperity in Western Europe.

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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) • For almost 25 years after World War II, France was mostly led by Charles de Gaulle.  • He established the Fourth Republic, which featured a strong parliament and a weak presidency.  • But the government was largely ineffective, and de Gaulle withdrew from politics.  • He returned in 1958 and established the Fifth Republic, which featured a strong presidency. (pages 860–862) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) • De Gaulle became the first president of the Fifth Republic.  • France became a major industrial producer and exporter.  • Government deficits and a rise in the cost of living led to unrest.  • De Gaulle resigned from office in 1969.

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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) • From 1949 to 1963, Konrad Adenauer, leader of the Christian Democratic Union, served as chancellor of West Germany.  • Under Adenauer’s leadership and that of the minister of finance, Ludwig Erhard, West Germany’s economy was revived.  • The unemployment rate fell greatly.  • Erhard became chancellor from 1963 to 1969.  • The Social Democratic Party, led by Willy Brandt, became West Germany’s leading political party in 1969. (pages 860–862) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) • At the end of World War II, Great Britain had large economic problems.  • The Labour Party, which promised farreaching reforms, defeated Churchill’s Conservative Party.  • Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Labour Party created a modern welfare state–a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and a minimal standard of living.  • The British welfare state became the norm for most European states after the war. (pages 860–862) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) • The cost of building a welfare state caused Great Britain to dismantle the British Empire.  • Many British colonies gained their independence.

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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.) How did Western Europe recover after World War II? The Marshall Plan helped the countries of Western Europe recover relatively rapidly from the devastation of World War II. The 1950s and 1960s were periods of dramatic economic growth and prosperity in Western Europe.

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Western Europe: The Move toward Unity • After World War II, many Europeans wanted European unity. 

• Nationalism, however, was too strong for European nations to give up their sovereignty.  • Instead the countries focused on economic unity.

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Western Europe: The Move toward Unity (cont.) • In 1957, France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, and Italy created the European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the Common Market.  • The six member nations would impose no tariffs on each other’s goods.  • By the 1960s, the EEC was an important trading bloc–a group of nations with a common purpose.

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Western Europe: The Move toward Unity (cont.) How did Western Europe unify after World War II?

Many of the countries formed the EEC– a free-trade area in which member nations imposed no tariffs on each other’s goods. All the member nations benefited economically. (pages 862–863) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The United States in the 1950s • Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal determined the patterns of American domestic politics.  • Prosperity at home and Cold War struggles abroad characterized the 1950s in the United States. 

• Between 1945 and 1973 real wages– the actual purchasing power of income–grew an average of 3 percent a year. (pages 863–864) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The United States in the 1950s (cont.) • The Cold War led to widespread fear that Communists had infiltrated the United States.  • Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged that hundreds of Communists were in high government positions.  • This created a massive “Red Scare.”

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The United States in the 1950s (cont.) Why did the United States experience an economic boom following World War II? A shortage of economic goods during the war left Americans with extra income and the desire to buy goods. The growth of labor unions brought higher wages and gave more workers the ability to buy consumer goods. Between 1945 and 1973 real wages grew an average of 3 percent a year. (pages 863–864) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The United States in the 1960s • President John F. Kennedy, the youngest elected president of the United States, was assassinated in 1963.  • Vice President Lyndon Johnson became president and was elected in a landslide victory to another term in 1964.  • President Johnson’s Great Society programs included health care for the elderly, measures to fight poverty, and aid to education.

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The United States in the 1960s (cont.) • The U.S. civil rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court ruling that made racial segregation in public schools illegal.  • In 1963 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, led a march on Washington, D.C., for equality.  • He advocated the use of passive disobedience in gaining racial equality.

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The United States in the 1960s (cont.) • President Johnson worked for civil rights.  • In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped end segregation and discrimination in the workplace and in public places. 

• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for African Americans to vote in southern states.

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The United States in the 1960s (cont.) • In 1965, race riots began in the Watts district of Los Angeles.  • In 1968, after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., race riots broke out in over a hundred cities in the United States.  • The race riots caused a “white backlash,” and racial division in the United States continued.  • As the Vietnam War continued through the second half of the 1960s, antiwar protests throughout the United States grew. (pages 864–865) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The United States in the 1960s (cont.) • Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected president based on his ”law and order” campaign in 1968.

(pages 864–865)

The United States in the 1960s (cont.) What did President Johnson hope to accomplish during his presidency? Johnson hoped to increase the welfare state through his programs, including health care for the elderly, measures to fight poverty, and aid to education. He also hoped to gain equal rights for African Americans.

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The Development of Canada • After World War II, Canada increased its industrial development.  • Much of the Canadian growth was financed by people from the United States, leading to U.S. ownership of many Canadian businesses. 

• Some Canadians feared American economic domination of Canada.  • Canada was a founding member of the UN in 1945 and joined NATO in 1949. (page 866) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Development of Canada (cont.) • The Liberal government of Canada created a welfare state by enacting a national social security system and a national health insurance program.

(page 866)

The Development of Canada (cont.) What industries were the bases of Canada’s economy after World War II? Canada had a strong export economy based on its abundant natural resources. It also developed electronic, aircraft, nuclear, and chemical engineering industries.

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The Emergence of a New Society • Postwar Western society had a changing social structure.  • Managers and technicians joined the middle-class groups.  • The number of people in farming declined dramatically.  • The number of industrial workers declined as white-collar workers increased.  • A consumer society developed as real wages increased. (pages 866–868) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Emergence of a New Society • Buying on credit became widespread in the 1950s. 

(cont.)

• The automobile was a sign of consumerism.

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The Emergence of a New Society (cont.)

• Women in many Western countries had gained the right to vote after World War I. 

• Women in France and Italy gained voting rights in the 1940s.  • Women who had worked during World War II returned to traditional roles. 

• Birthrates rose, creating a “baby boom” in the late 1940s and the 1950s.

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The Emergence of a New Society • By the end of the 1950s, birthrates declined. 

(cont.)

• Married women entered the workforce.  • Women earned much less than men did for equal work.  • Many women worked and raised families at the same time.

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The Emergence of a New Society (cont.)

• By the late 1960s, women renewed their interest in the women’s liberation movement. 

• The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir influenced both the American and European women’s movements.

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The Emergence of a New Society (cont.)

• Growing discontent in European and U.S. universities led students to revolt in the late 1960s.  • In the 1970s and 1980s, student rebels became middle-class professionals.

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The Emergence of a New Society (cont.)

How did the social structure in Western society change after World War II? Traditional middle-class groups were made up of businesspeople, lawyers, doctors, and teachers. A new group of managers and technicians joined the middle class. The shift of people from rural to urban areas continued. The number of people in farming declined greatly. The number of industrial workers also declined, whereas the number of white-collar workers increased. A consumer society developed as people became preoccupied with buying goods. (pages 866–868) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

__ C 1. the actual purchasing power of income

A. welfare state

__ A 2. a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services such as health care

C. real wages

__ B 3. a group of nations with a common purpose

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B. bloc

Checking for Understanding Explain why many British colonies gained their independence after World War II.

Many British colonies gained their independence because Britain was forced to reduce expenses abroad, and the colonies demanded their independence.

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Checking for Understanding List the original members of the Common Market.

France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy were the original members of the Common Market.

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Critical Thinking Analyze Do you think the student revolts of this period contributed positively or negatively to society? Why?

Analyzing Visuals Compare the Kent State photo on page 866 with the photo on page 868 of your textbook. What do these two scenes have in common? In your opinion, were the costs of these protests justified? What causes today could motivate this type of passion and sacrifice? Possible answer: They were violent results of student revolt.

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Close Discuss the historical importance of student leadership in achieving social change.

Chapter Summary Following World War II, two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, engaged in a Cold War that was fought around the globe.

Chapter Summary

Using Key Terms Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.

1. The actual purchasing power of income is called _______________. real wages 2. A nation that is preoccupied with the desire to provide its people with material goods may be said to be a _______________. consumer society 3. Nations with governments that intervene in the economy to assure a minimal standard of living for all people are said to be _______________. welfare states women’s liberation movement is a force that 4. The __________________________ is working for greater equality and rights for women. 5. A country that was economically and politically dependent on the Soviet Union was called a satellite state _______________. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Key Facts Economics What was COMECON, and why was it formed?

COMECON was the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan. It was supposed to provide for the economic cooperation of the Eastern European states, but failed because of the inability of the Soviet Union to provide large amounts of financial aid. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Reviewing Key Facts Economics What changes were made in the British government’s role in its economic system after World War II? The British government created a welfare state.

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Reviewing Key Facts History Describe what happened when satellite states tried to become independent of the Soviet Union.

The Soviets responded by sending in their military to crush movements for reforms or independence.

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Reviewing Key Facts Culture What book influenced the women’s movement in America and Europe? What was its significance to the movement? It was Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. The book argued that, in male-dominated societies, women had been defined by their differences from men, and consequently received secondclass status. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Reviewing Key Facts History What happened during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962? The United States discovered that Soviet ships carrying missiles were headed to Cuba. The United States blockaded Cuba to prevent the Soviet fleet from reaching its destination. The Soviets agreed to turn back the fleet and to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if the United States promised not to invade Cuba. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking Analyzing How did de-Stalinization help Khrushchev gain control of the Soviet government?

Possible answer: De-Stalinization distanced Khrushchev from his repressive predecessor.

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Critical Thinking Explaining Is containment an important or pressing issue in American foreign policy today? Explain your reasoning. No; the Cold War is over, and the threat of Communist expansion appears to have ended.

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Analyzing Maps and Charts Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Analyzing Maps and Charts How many miles did the blockade zone of Cuba extend from west to east?

The blockade zone extended approximately 300 miles (500 km) from west to east. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Analyzing Maps and Charts Why was the United States so concerned that the Soviets were placing missiles in Cuba? What other islands fall within the blockade zone? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Analyzing Maps and Charts The United States was concerned because Cuba is very close to the United States. The Bahamas, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica are within the blockade zone.

Standardized Test Practice Directions: Use the quote below and your knowledge of world history to answer the question on the next slide.

And even today woman is heavily handicapped, though her situation is beginning to change. Almost nowhere is her legal status the same as man’s, and frequently it is much to her disadvantage. Even when her rights are legally recognized in the abstract, long-standing custom prevents their full expression. . . .” –The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir

Standardized Test Practice Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question. Simone de Beauvoir’s book, The Second Sex, was published in 1949. Her book was influential because it A helped women gain the right to vote. B contributed to a women’s movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

C greatly increased the number of married women in the labor force. D influenced and shaped the student protest movement. Test-Taking Tip A date can be an important clue. When a question contains a date, think about major events that occurred during or around that time. Then eliminate answer choices that do not reflect that history. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Why did the successful Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 make it more difficult for the Soviet Union to influence nations in other parts of the world? The Soviet Union demonstrated that it would not tolerate any alternative forms of leadership and control in the nations it dominated.

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Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://wh.glencoe.com

Economics–Socialist Parties Economics–Welfare State Science

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Economics Discuss ways in which the economic situation in Europe after World War II contributed to the political success of Socialist parties, particularly in Germany and Great Britain. Why would the United States have been so concerned about socialist successes?

Economics Explain why the United States was in a better position to create a welfare state after World War II than most European nations. Why did the United States choose not to move as far along this path as some other nations?

Science A great scientific breakthrough of the Cold War period was the conquest of polio, a disease that had crippled and killed children and adults worldwide for centuries. (Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of its most prominent victims.) An inoculation, pioneered by Jonas Salk, was pronounced safe in 1955. An oral vaccine, developed by Albert Sabin, was approved in 1961. Today polio has been almost eliminated throughout the world. Research and report on the work of Salk and Sabin.

Truman Harry S Truman, a little-known senator from Missouri before he became Franklin Roosevelt’s vice president, had relatively little experience in foreign affairs. When he succeeded to the presidency on Roosevelt’s death, he had been vice president only 82 days and had met with the President only twice.

Eleanor Roosevelt DEW line

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Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt provided a voice of moderation during the postwar period. Roosevelt, who continued her public career after her husband died in 1945, was a member of the UN Commission on Human Rights. She tried to meet the Russians halfway. “All of us are going to die together or we are going to learn to live together,” she said, “and if we are to live together we have to talk.”

DEW line By the 1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union each had more than 12,000 nuclear warheads aimed at each other. The Distant Early Warning Line (DEW line) was a radar system built in 1957 to detect incoming missiles. The DEW line radars were placed in northern Canada because the most direct path of the missiles from the U.S.S.R. would be over the North Pole.

How did the Cold War differ from past world conflicts?

Understanding World Time Zones Why Learn This Skill? Imagine that you work in Boston and call a client in London at 2:00 P.M. No one answers because, when it is 2:00 P.M. in Boston, it is already 7:00 P.M. in London.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook.

Understanding World Time Zones Learning the Skill In 1884, an international conference divided the world into 24 time zones.  The Prime Meridian (0° longitude), which runs through Greenwich, England, became the reference point. Traveling east from Greenwich, the time is one hour later in each time zone. Traveling west from Greenwich, the time is one hour earlier per zone.  The International Date Line is at 180° longitude. When crossing this line from west to east, you lose one day; when crossing in the opposite direction, you gain a day. This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Understanding World Time Zones Learning the Skill Using the map on page 859 of your textbook:  • Locate Los Angeles and note its time.  • Locate Mumbai, India.  • Determine whether Mumbai lies east or west of Los Angeles.  • Count the number of time zones between the two cities. Each time zone is an hour difference.  • Add or subtract the number of hours difference between Mumbai and Los Angeles. This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Understanding World Time Zones Learning the Skill Using the map on page 859 of your textbook: • Is the International Date Line between the two points? If so, add or subtract a day.  • Check the time above Mumbai to see if you are correct.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Understanding World Time Zones Practicing the Skill Use the map on the right to calculate the times on the following slides.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook.

Understanding World Time Zones Practicing the Skill If it is 3:00 P.M. in Greenwich, what time is it in Moscow?

In Moscow, Russia, the time would be 6:00 P.M.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding World Time Zones Practicing the Skill If it is 9:00 A.M. in Cape Town, what time is it in Washington, D.C.?

In Washington, D.C., the time would be 3:00 A.M.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding World Time Zones Practicing the Skill It is 5:00 P.M. on Tuesday in Beijing. What day and time is it in Honolulu?

In Honolulu, Hawaii, the time would be 11:00 P.M. Monday.

This feature can be found on page 859 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Cleaning up after the London Blitz

Read A Sober Victory on page 848 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides. This feature can be found on page 848 of your textbook.

Why was the loss of 50 million people in World War II made even worse by the fact that many of them were young?

Possible answer: The loss was made worse because it was a of the work force and the loss of people who might have started families.

This feature can be found on page 848 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What would you say was the most pressing problem facing Europe after the war? Why do you think so?

This feature can be found on page 848 of your textbook.

How would you explain the title “A Sober Victory”?

The war was over, but Europe was devastated.

This feature can be found on page 848 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Click the image on the right to listen to an excerpt from page 869 of your textbook. Read the information on page 869 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.

This feature can be found on page 869 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Why do you think this speech has become so famous? Has King’s dream been realized? Why or why not? Possible answer: The speech is powerful, poetic, and moving, full of vivid images and deeply felt emotion. Great care was devoted to using language, especially repetition, in highly effective ways. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a highly skilled, gifted orator who clearly, and in simple words, spoke to the needs of our people. This feature can be found on page 869 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Describe King’s dream in your own words.

Possible answer: King’s dream calls for basic rights, equality, and justice for all citizens of the United States.

This feature can be found on page 869 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Based on your earlier reading, how do you think Adolf Hitler would have reacted to King’s speech? Explain. Possible answer: Hitler had an idea of a supreme race and inflicted horrors.

This feature can be found on page 869 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Youth Protest in the 1960s The decade of the 1960s witnessed a dramatic change in traditional manners and morals. The new standards were evident in the breakdown of the traditional family as divorce rates increased dramatically. Movies, plays, and books broke new ground in the treatment of once-hidden subjects. Read the excerpt on pages 864– 865 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides. This feature can be found on pages 864–865 of your textbook.

Identifying What does Bob Dylan say is the consequence of not changing?

If you don’t “swim” (that is, change), you “sink like a stone.”

This feature can be found on pages 864–865 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Comparing Are there songs or artists today who have the same cultural outlook as Bob Dylan?

This feature can be found on pages 864–865 of your textbook.

Writing about History What social or political issues are being expressed in music, literature, television, or movies today? Write a brief essay highlighting one or two cultural examples, including lyrics or other relevant materials.

This feature can be found on pages 864–865 of your textbook.

The Berlin Airlift Objectives After viewing “The Berlin Airlift,” you should:  • Realize that the Soviet Union controlled Berlin and East Germany following World War II.  • Understand that the Soviets cut off all supplies to Berlin in an attempt to keep the United States from helping the city recover from the war.  • Recognize that the Berlin Airlift saved the people of Berlin and gave them hope for future freedom. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of the World History video.

The Berlin Airlift

Why did President Truman want Germany to be reunified and help with its recovery from the ravages of World War II?

President Truman and others wanted Europe to return to stability. They also feared the spread of communism into Western Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Berlin Airlift

What was the Berlin Airlift?

The Berlin Airlift was a joint effort by the United States and England to deliver food and coal by air to Berlin after Stalin imposed a blockade on deliveries by land in 1948. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Maps Divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift Balance of Power after World War II

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the United States and the Soviet Union

War might break out between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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to deter war

East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia

the tremendous size and strength of the Soviet Union

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It symbolized the West’s fear of the Soviet Union’s desire to expand its empire.

Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, West Germany

1957

to promote economic prosperity

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