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Chapter 12
Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
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Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World
Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements Changed in classical period
Improvement of infrastructure Development of empires
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Trade Networks Develop
Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization Maintenance of roads, bridges Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes
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Trade in the Hellenistic World
Bactria/India
Persia, Egypt
Grain
Mediterranean
Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Wine, oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class
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The Silk Roads
Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire Sea Lanes and Maritime trade as well
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Organization of Long-Distance Trade
Divided into small segments Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage
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The Silk Roads, 200 BCE-300 CE
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Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism
Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India through central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE-700 CE
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The Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE
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Buddhism in China
Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5th c. CE
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Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean 1st c. CE clear Indian influence in SE Asia
Rulers called “rajas” Sanskrit used for written communication Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths
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Christianity in Mediterranean Basin
Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3rd c. CE Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe Sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced
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Christianity in SW Asia
Influence of ascetic practices from India Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies After 5th c. CE, followed Nestorios
Emphasized human nature of Jesus
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Spread of Manichaeism
Mani Zoroastrian prophet (216-272 CE) Influenced by Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism Dualist
good vs. evil light vs. dark spirit vs. matter
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Manichaean Society
Devout: “the Elect”
Ascetic lifestyle Celibacy, vegetarianism Life of prayer and fasting
Laity: “the Hearers”
Material supporters of “the Elect”
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Decline of Manichaeism
Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman Empire Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid persecution
Mani arrested, dies in captivity
Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute
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The Spread of Epidemic Disease
Belief systems and scapegoats
Romans believe Christians are to blame St. Cyprian – On Morality
Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional selfsufficiency
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Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires Chinese Population, 0600 CE 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 c. 0 c. c. c. CE 200 400 600 CE CE CE Millions
Roman Population, 0400 CE 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 c. 0 CE c. 200 c. 400 CE Millions
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Internal Decay of the Han State
Court intrigue Formation of actions Problem of land distribution
Large landholders develop private armies
Epidemics Peasant rebellions
184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion
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Collapse of the Han Dynasty
Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners 200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms Immigration of northern nomads increases
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Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples
Sinicization: to make Chinese in character or bring under Chinese influence Nomads adapt to Chinese environment Adoption of sedentary lifestyle
Agriculture
Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage
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Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism
Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Religions of salvation
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Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors
The Barracks Emperors 235-284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies
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Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE)
Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants
“Tetrarchs”
Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian’s retirement from office (305 CE) civil war follows (306 CE) Constantine emerges victorious
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Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors
Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity
Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire
Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th c. CE Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 CE Germanic general Odovacer deposed Romulus Augustulus
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Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman empire, 450-476 C.E.
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Cultural Change in the Roman Empire
Growth of Christianity
Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice Converts to Christianity
380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire
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St. Augustine (354-430 CE)
Hippo, North Africa Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism 387 converts to Christianity Major theologian
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The Institutional Church
Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church
Divinity of Jesus Role of women
Church hierarchy established
Bishop of Rome Five Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople
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Collapse of Rome and the Church
Church Council’s Council of Nicaea (325 CE) and Council of Chalcedon (451 CE
Determine the nature of Jesus
Pope as spiritual leader
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