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Greece www.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jsp

Geographically  Southern part of the Balkan Peninsula  Greece is on a peninsula (accessible by land and sea!)  Most Greeks were fishermen and traders

Minoans www.cretashop.gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan%20fresco.gif

 Located on island of Crete  Architecture: Buildings contain private rooms, plumbing, and artwork on walls  Language: Linear A, has yet to be interpreted  Economy – trade  Volcano erupts in 1628 – empire starts to decline  Defeated by the Mycenaeans

Mycenaeans www.wsu.edu:8080/.../ MODULES/MINOA/TITLE2.GIF

 Controlled Greece from 1600-1200 B.C.  Traded with Minoans & copied Minoan writing system to develop their own system  Mycenaean writing has been translated  Society based on: – Intense competition – Frequent warfare – Powerful kings

Characteristics of city-states         

Known as a Polis (city-state) Small (in terms of land) Populations of < 10,000 Fort (Acropolis) Agora Independent Greek speaking Saw non-Greeks as barbarians Ruled by chieftain

Governing City-States  Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop fortresses  Needed wealthy nobles because they had money to buy chariots, horses,and weapons to fight  Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class) was born

Sparta vs. Athens Sparta  Located on Peloponnesus  Militaristic – Whole life built around it

 Class system – Equals – decended from invaders – rulers – Half-Citizens – Helots - slaves

 Ruled by two kings/Council of Elders

Athens  Located on the Attic Peninsula  Mostly sea traders  Society – Citizens – All Athenian born men – Metics – born outside – paid taxes – but could not participate in gov’t or own land – Slaves

 Early government – Governed by nine archons

The Classical Age  Democracy (form of government run by the people) comes to Athens  How did democracy come to Athens? – Early on Athens is a monarchy (ruled by a king) – Kings then replaced by aristocrats (people who had both power and money) – Most of Athenians were poor and had little power, conflicts began – To help resolve this issue Draco reformed law in Athens

Draco www.auburn.edu/~downejm/ sp/alpcontents.html

 Believed to have created Athen’s first code of law  Law harsh and severe  Any laws now considered harsh today are referred to as “Draconian”  Draconian law did not settle class disputes

Solon www.nimispauci.com/ Laerce/SeptSages/Solon.jpg

 Overturns Draconian law in 590s BC  Outlawed debt slavery  Reduced poverty  Allowed ALL men to serve in Athenian Assembly  Relieved some tension

Peisistratus www.learnline.de/angebote/ realideal/apotheose...

 Ruled Athens as tyrant  Had support of lower classes  Pushed aristocrats out of office  Increased trade  Policies improve Economy

Cleisthenes www.pbs.org/.../characters/ cleisthenes_p8.html

 Reforms set stage for democracy in Athens  Began democracy in Athens – Divided Athens’ citizens into 10 tribes they chose 50 representatives -> formed Council of Five Hundred

Nature of early Athenian Democracy  Voting Requirements: – 20 years old – Member of Athenian military – Free Athenian  Women, immigrants, and children had no role  People who could take part in Athenian government were expected to: – Vote in all elections – Serve in office if elected – Serve on Juries – Serve in military during war  Three main bodies of government: – Assembly – Council of 500 – Court System  Athens was a direct democracy (all people, allowed to, voted directly on an issue)

Persian Wars: 509-479 BC ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/ ~perlman/myth/lecture15.html

 Causes: – Ionian Rebellion against Persians – Athens sends help to Ionia – Persians upset at rebellion – Ionians are punished and get upset

 Trouble begins in Ionia  Ionian (Greek citizens in Asia Minor) rebel against Persian rule.  Rebellion crushed – but….

Battle of Marathon  490 B.C.  Major upset – Athenians although outnumbered win  New Tactic unveiled by Greece: – Phalanx – a tight triangle formation in which soldiers held long spears out ahead of a wall of shields – Allowed Greeks to close in on Persians from sides, forcing retreat

 Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to tell of victory (26 miles), He dies of exhaustion shortly after delivering message

Darius home.att.net/ ~tabriz/newpage1.htm

 Wanted to punish Athens for the rebellion  Invade Greece  1st major battle…

Second Invasion www.2frompars.com/ Xerxes%20(Khashayar%20Shah).htm

 480 B.C.  This one led by Xerxes, son of Darius  Two major battles – Battle of Thermopylae – Battle of Salamis

Battle of Thermopylae  Land battle which united all Greeks  Persian attack through narrow mountain passeventually find way around  300 Spartan soldiers killed while Athenians returned home to save Athens

Battle of Salamis www.livius.org/he-hg/ herodotus/logos8_24.html

 Naval Battle of coast of the island of Salamis  Athens won because their smaller ships were more mobile than the larger Persian ships  Major victory for Athens

Effects of the Persian Wars  Persia weakens – no longer the power of the area  Athenian power increases – leader of the new Delian League (league of independent Greek city-states) purpose was the protection of each of the city-states  Athens got rich – from Delian League monies

Age of Pericles 24.24.31.212/literature/ POL-HS-Pericles.htm

 1st citizen of Greece – world  Began massive building projects – Parthenon

 Took democracy to a new level  Used Delian League money for building projects

The Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens 431 B.C. – 404 B.C. Strengths Sparta Had greatest army

Athens Had the greatest Navy

Early Years of War  Sparta begins invasion of Attica Peninsula  Athenians withdraw behind walls of city  Most cities would be besieged – but not Athens – Great Navy – Long Walls

 Athens is decimated by a plague – killing thousands including Pericles

Athens begins to fall  Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) – driven back – begins downward spiral of Athens  Aristocracy overthrown – democracy restored – government weakened  Eventually food supply cut off – Athens forced to surrender in 404 B.C.

Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars  Greece becomes politically unstable  Athens becomes second class city  Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to unite Greece  Will eventually be united by an outside power

Religious Life  Religion was used to explain nature  Used to explain why emotions caused people to lose control  Benefits – Long life – Good luck – Good harvests

Greece’s Golden Age

Architecture  Showed the love of beauty in the buildings – Temples – gymnasiums – Theatres

 Types of architecture are still used today  Examples: Parthenon & Amphitheater

Theatre in Athens www.spudles.com/travels/ Europe2002Pics/Athens...

Painting & Sculpture  Painting – – – –

Painted on vases, plates, and other vessels Used two colors red and black Created Murals (wall paintings) Most ancient Greek art has been lost or destroyed

 Greatest sculptors – Myron  The Discus Thrower

– Phidias  Zues

– Praxiteles  Showed Greek love for the human body

Greek Ideals  Expressed in Art in four ways: 1. Greek art glorified human beings 2. Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride in their city-states 3. Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, order, and moderation 4. Expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and usefulness

Greek Philosophers Lovers of Wisdom

Socrates lilt.ilstu.edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socrates.jpg

 Sought truth about the following concepts: – Truth, Justice, Virtue

 Socratic method: People can learn best by asking questions  Study behavior to learn how to improve society as a whole  Fell victim of frustrations of Athens’ loss in the Peloponnesian War  Forced to drink hemlock

Plato www.uh.edu/~cfreelan/courses/Plato.JPEG

 Taught: Philosophers are best suited to govern other people  Every material object in the world is only the reflection of perfect ideal  Began school called the Academy – continues for 900 years  Believed in an aristocracy

Aristotle www.hao.ucar.edu/.../ sp/images/aristotle.html

 Student of Plato  Based everything on logical thought and processes  Pioneer of the use of reason and logic  Greatest good people can perform is practice of rational thought  Contributed to development of science, mostly biology

Mathematics Advancements www.uncletaz.com/norsktaz/pythagoras.jpg

 Pythagoras  Came up with the Pythagorean Theory  A2 + B2 = C2

Medicine historical-studies.ncl.ac.uk/images/aux_images/hippocrates.jpg

 Hippocrates  Father of Medicine  Hippocratic Oath

Historians www.losttrails.com/media/Herodotus/athens35-30b.jpg

 Herodotus – First known historian

Thucydides www.livius.org/a/1/greeks/thucydides.jpg

 Historian whose greatest works surround the Peloponnesian War

Drama Tragedies - Aeschylus: writer of plays based on Ancient Greek Myths and Greek history - Sophocles: writer of plays based on suffering that people brought upon themselves; most characters had fatal flaws that brought tragedy - Euripides: writer of plays in which tragedy was brought on by chance or irrational behavior Comedies were also written by Greek playwrights

Macedonian Conquests of Greece

Phillip II of Macedon etc.usf.edu/clipart/1200/1254/philip2_1_lg.gif

 Called on by Isocrates (Greek Philosopher) to invade Greece for the purposes of unification  Became Macedonian king in 359 B.C.  Builds great army – New phalanx

 Begins take over of Greece

Downfall of Phillip II  337 B.C. Phil divorces wife and mother of Alexander and marries daughter of high ranking noble who has son to challenge Alexander’s right to throne  Former guardsman, Pausanias stabs Phillip  Alexander takes the throne

Alexander the Great murugan.org/research/alexander-m.jpg  Builds great empire – Conquers Persians – Conquers areas South to Egypt and east to India – Proclaimed as Pharaoh by newly liberated Egyptians

 Spreads Hellenistic culture – Combination of Greek and eastern customs

 Dies in 328 B.C., at age 33, after ruling only 12 years and 8 months  Alexander did not name an heir, Empire begins to dismantle

Alexander’s Empire

www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/maps/Image1b.gif

Hellenistic Greece  Hellenistic – Greek-like  Cultural diffusion took place in Greek lands (cultures were blended together)  Alexandria, city built at mouth of Nile river; becomes Egypt’s capital and a major trade port in the Mediterranean

Architecture Alexanderia, Egypt

www.touregypt.net/village/alex3.jpg

Hellenistic Achievements  Philosophy – Cynicism: people who follow this are called cynics, rejected ideas of pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility. People should live according to nature – Epicureans: People should seek out pleasure and try to avoid pain – Stoicism: Emphasized reason, self-deiscipline, emotional control, and personal morality

 Art/Literature – Art conveyed emotion – Art portrayed women more often – Literature began to be about daily life

 Science/Technology – Euclid: formulated many ideas about geometry – Erasthones: Calculated size of the world – Archimedes: worked with math and physics to make life easier; developed compound pulley to life heavy loads, mechanical screw to draw water out of a ship’s hold or well – A tiny steam engine used to power mechanical toys