FISIOPATOLOGÍA de la REPRODUCCIÓN

RECOPILACIÓN y TRANSCRIPCIÓN de RESÚMENES de TRABAJOS PUBLICADOS en REVISTAS INTERNACIONALES correspondientes a parte de la bibliografía recomendada a los alumnos de

FISIOPATOLOGÍA de la REPRODUCCIÓN por su profesor titular Juan María Ulberich

PARTE I Relacionada con los distintos capítulos del LIBRO de

"Fisiopatología de la Reproducción"

PARTE I I En relación con el "ANEXO" al libro de "Fisiopatología de la Reproducción"

1 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

PARTE I Relacionada con los distintos capítulos del libro de "Fisiopatología de la Reproducción"

CAPÍTULO I INFERTILIDAD - INFECUNDIDAD - ESTERILIDAD DHALIWAL, G.S.; MURRAY, R.D.; DOBSON, H. "Effects of milk yield, and calving to first service interval, in determining herd fertility in dairy cows", "Animal Reproduction Science","FEB1996","41","2","109-117", "H. Dobson/Univ Liverpool/Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb/Wirral L64 7TE/Merseyside, England" "Fertility and 305-day milk yield data, comprising 3527 lactation records over a period of 2 to 8 years from eight dairy herds, were used to assess the interrelationship between different calving to first service (C-S) intervals and levels of production. Lactatingcows were placed into low and high yielding groups with due consideration to parity. Fertility parameters such as first service to conception (S-C) interval, calving to conception (C-C) interval and serves per conception for cows conceiving (S/C) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) for low yielding cows than high yielding animals. Low yielding cows had higher first service conception rate (FSCR) and overall conception rate (OCR).%Overall, the high yielding cows conceived 19 days later after calving than low yielding herd- mates and required 0.27 extra inseminations per conception. The differences were even greater for those cows inseminated within 80 days of calving, i.e. approximately 25 days longer from calving to conception with 0.42 extra inseminations needed for the high yielding cows. With the increase of C-S interval, the FSCR of low yielding cows increased steadily while there was a sudden step-wise increase in high yielding animals; the differences were highly significant (P < 0.001) for the cows served within 60 days of calving but were more consistent for the matings after 100 days. Within high and low yielding groups, the probability of conceiving to each successive service did not differ significantly.%To conclude, the inherent genetic potential of milk production of individual cows may lower their fertility." GELLERMANN, G.; HOPPE, H.; AURICH, C. "Factors influencing fertility in the horse" "Praktische Tierarzt","APR 1 1996","77","4","320" "G. Gellermann/Tierarztl Klin Pferde/Kurzenmoor 13/D-25370 Seester, Germany" "In this study fertility on a large stud farm between 1945 and 1988 was evaluated and factors influencing fertility in the horse are discussed. During the period of investigation, a total of 2672 mares were bred, resulting in 2050 pregnancies (77 per cent) and 1893 foals born (71 per cent). Under stud farm conditions, the anovulatory season in warmblood mares usually is restricted to only a few weeks and prolongation of the breeding season can contribute to improved annual fertility rates. No obvious decrease in fertility with increasing age of the mares was found, indicating that reduced fertility in old mares can be compensated 2 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

to a certain degree by management and veterinary intervention. The incidence of foal losses due to infectious diseases could be markedly reduced, when new therapeutic approaches became available in the early sixties. In a total of 36 cases (1,8 percent of all foalings) twins were born, however only 9 twin foals survived the neonatal period. Fertility also differed markedly between stallions. For breeders it would therefore be help ful if information on the fertility of individual stallions would be available." HEUWIESER, W.; MANSFELD, R.; FOOTE, R.H. "Effect of GnRH treatment on fertility of dairy cows with special regard to body condition score" "Praktische Tierarzt","OCT 1 1995", "76","10","886" "W. Heuwieser/Free Univ Berlin/FB Vet Med/Tierklin Fortpflanzung/Konigsweg 63/D-14163 Berlin,Germany" "The objective of this study was to determine the effect of GnRH treatment in dairy cows differing in body condition score. A total of 2437 primiparous and multiparous cows was allocated randomly to receive either GnRH (100 mu g) or placebo at the post partum exam (25 to 35 d) and at the first breeding. Complete records were available from 1906 cows: Group 1 (n = 535) placebo and placebo;Group 2 (n = 489) GnRH and placebo; group 3 (n = 438) placebo and GnRH; and Group 4 (n = 444) GnRH and GnRH. The change of body condition score during early lactation was determined on a 1 to5 scale (1 = emaciated to 5 = obese). Cows with a high body condition score (3.0) at the first breeding had 8.8 fewer days to first service and 6.4 fewer days open but more services per conception (0.16) than cows with low body condition score (< 3.0). Conception rate improved when GnRH was administered at the first breeding to cows with a body condition score of < 3.0 at the first breeding regardless of parity. The administration of GnRH at the post partum exam decreased the conception rate in first lactation cows but was beneficial for cows in second and greater lactations. Thus the efficacy of GnRH was not consistent in all parities and body condition groups." MACMILLAN, K.L.; LEAN, I.J.; WESTWOOD, C.T. "The effects of lactation on the fertility of dairy cows" "Australian Veterinary Journal","APR 1996","73","4","141-147" "K.L. Macmillan/Dairying Res Corp/Private Bag 3123/Hamilton, New Zealand" "Lactation has been negatively associated with fertility because pregnancy rates in maiden heifers exceed those obtained after first or subsequent calvings. The extent of this difference is less in pasture-fed dairy cows (< 10%) than in American Holsteins (> 20%) fed grain and conserved forages. The latter cows have pregnancy rates to first insemination and oestrus detection rates of only 40 to 45%. This suggests that the subsequent fertility of inherently fertile Holstein heifers may be severely compromised by high levels of milk production. International comparisons show that pasture-fed dairy cows may experience extended periods of anovulatory anoestrum but have normal fertility (60% pregnancy rate to first insemination) once cycling, The high-producing American Holstein may ovulate within 4 weeks postpartum but is more likely to continue ovulating without being detected in oestrus.%Both situations are associated with negative energy balances (NEB) during early lactation. The severity and duration of this NEB may vary with body condition at calving, age or parity, ration formulation, production level and environmental factors. Relative daily milk yield is not an absolute indicator of NEB, because some lower producing cows within a herd have lower feed intakes and more severe energy deficits. NEB is not simple to measure; nonetheless, it is correlated with genetic improvement for milk yield.%A positive energy 3 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

balance, greater weight gain and higher body condition score have all been shown to be positively correlated with plasma progesterone concentrations in early lactation. No studies have investigated the possibility that the rapid increase in metabolic rate at this time may also alter steroid concentrations with consequent effects on oestrous behaviour and fertility.%Studies to more precisely define the effects of increasing milk yields in early lactation, especially in Holsteins, may need to be completed in Australia and New Zealand. Oestrus detection rates and pregnancy rates for American Holsteins of less than 50% are accepted widely in the USA. Such low detection rates confound studies on fertility. The objective should be to increase these 2 rates to at least 80% and 60% respectively. This may involve the use of controlled breeding, especially if oestrous behaviour is less overt in high-producing Holstein cows." PLATEN, M.; MUNNICH, A.; LINDEMANN, E.; KROCKER, M. "Fertility and milk production in high yielding dairy cows" "Tierarztliche Umschau","DEC 1995","50","12","815" "M. Platen/Humboldt Univ Berlin/Inst Angew Nutztierwissensch/Fg Tierhaltungssyst/Philippstr 13/D-10115 Berlin, Germany", "The inter-relationship between milk production and fertility was examined in a dairy herd with art average of 10,071 litres per lactation. The variability in fertility and milk yield which is influenced by environmental factors are discussed. Regression coefficients indicated that the reproductive status of high yielding factors was independent of the variation in milk yield factors. The competition between milk yield and fertility is the product of physiological factors and not genotype. A milk yield of 8,400 litres per lactation is the point at which this physiological competition begins. The relatively high milk yield and fertility status of approximately one third of the herd indicated that individual animals which are capable of the necessary adaptation can achieve this. The best milk yield together with art acceptably fertility status was observed in animals with a high quotient of protein- to- fed in the milk." SENATORE, E.M.; BUTLER, W.R.; OLTENACU, P.A. "Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation dairy cows" "Animal Science","FEB 1996","62"," Part 1","17-23" "E.M. Senatore/Univ Milan/Ist Alimentazione Anim/Milan, Italy" "Forty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were monitored from calving through 100 days in milk to evaluate the effect of energy balance in the early post-partum period on subsequent fertility. The post-partum interval to first ovulation (R(2) = 0 . 41; P < 0 . 005) was lengthened by greater negative energy balance, and reduced by greater body Weight at parturition or decreased body-Weight loss during the experimental period. Luteal activity (R(2) = 0 . 58; P < 0 . 0001), measured by plasma progesterone area under curve, was increased in the first cycle post partum by a shorter interval to first ovulation, improved energy balance during the 1st week of lactation and by decreased body-weight loss. Pregnancy status following first artificial insemination was related positively to the number of ovulations before insemination, improved energy balance during the 1st month post partum, fewer days to first ovulation and greater body weight at calving. These data suggest that energy balance and body weight are important in determining the post-partum interval to first ovulation and the subsequent fertility of first lactation dairy cows."

4 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

THATCHER, W.W.; DELASOTA, R.L.; SCHMITT, E.J.P.; DIAZ, T.C.; BADINGA, L.; SIMMEN, F.A.; STAPLES, C.R.; DROST, M. "Control and management of ovarian follicles in cattle to optimize fertility" "Reproduction Fertility and Development"," 1996","8","2","203-217" "W.W. Thatcher/Univ Florida/Dept Dairy & Poultry Sci/Gainesville, FL 32611 USA" "Experiments were designed to elucidate the control of ovarian follicle turnover and the impact of follicular dynamics on the subsequent fertility of dairy cattle. An experimental model was established to examine the interrelationships of gene expression for steroid enzymes, the insulin- like growth factor system and inhibin production as associated with follicle selection, dominance and atresia, Follicular dynamics during the postpartum period and the oestrous cycle are shown to be altered markedly by the metabolic demands of lactation. The feeding of ruminally- inert fat stimulated follicular development and improved reproductive performance. The development of persistent follicles during oestrus synchronization causes a reduction in fertility that can be corrected by recruitment and selection of a new ovulatory follicle after the injection of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist. Present systems of oestrus synchronization need to consider both synchronization of follicular development and corpus luteal regression in order to optimize fertility. With current systems manipulating follicle development, the potential to implement a timed insemination programme to improve reproductive management exists. Ovulation of the first-wave dominant follicle with human chorionic gonadotrophin provides a means to markedly enhance concentrations of plasma progesterone in the luteal phase."

CAPÍTULO I I TRASTORNOS FUNCIONALES de INFERTILIDAD o de ESTERILIDAD en la HEMBRA ADAMS, N.R. "Detection of the effects of PHYTOESTROGENS on sheep and cattle" "Journal of Animal Science 73: 5 (MAY 1995) Page(s) 1509-1515." "N.R. Adams, CSIRO, Div Anim Prod, Wembly, Wa 6014, Australia." "Cows and ewes fed estrogenic forage may suffer impaired ovarian function, often accompanied by reduced conception rates and increased embryonic loss. Males are relatively unaffected, but the mammary glands in females and castrate males may undergo hypertrophy of the duct epithelium, accompanied by secretion of clear or milky fluid. In cows, clinical signs resemble those associated with cystic ovaries. The infertility is temporary, normally resolving within 1 mo after removal from the estrogenic feed. However, ewes exposed to estrogen for prolonged periods may suffer a second form of infertility that is permanent, caused by developmental actions of estrogen during adult life. The cervix becomes defeminized and loses its ability to store spermatozoa, so conception rates are reduced, although ovarian functio n remains normal. Importantly, both temporary and permanent infertility in ewes often occur without observable signs and can be detected only by measurement of phytoestrogens in the diet, or measurement of their effects on the animal. Low background concentrations of dietary phytoestrogens are suggested to play an important role in prevention of disease in humans and laboratory rats, but subclinical effects of phytoestrogens in cattle have not yet been described. Effects of low concentrations of phytoestrogens on reproductive function in ruminants are likely to receive increasing attention." 5 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

BORROMEO, V.; BRAMANI, S.; BERRINI, A.; SIRONI, G.; FINAZZI, M.; CREMONESI, F.; SECCHI, C. "Growth hormone but not prolactin concentrations in the fluid of bovine ovarian cysts are related to the cystic stage of luteinization" "Theriogenology","AUG 1996","46","3","481-489" "C. Secchi/Univ Milan/Inst Vet Physiol & Biochem/Via Celoria 10/I-20133 Milan, Italy" "Regulation of follicular growth and ovulation as well as steroid production by the ovary depends principally on gonadotropins. However nonsteroid systemic hormones and autocrine and paracrine factors contribute to the regulation of ovarian function. The objectives of the present work were 1) to asses the presence of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in fluid drawn from normal bovine ovarian follicles, cysts or cystic corpora lutea; 2) to relate the stage of luteinization of the cyst with the GH and PRL concentrations in fluids; and 3) to asses the feasibility of providing a defined nonsteroid hormone marker to distinguish between normal and pathological ovarian structures. Cysts were classified according to histological and morphological appearance as follicular or luteal. Concentrations of GH, PRL, estrogens (E(2)), progesterone (P-4) and testosterone (T) were measured in follicular and cystic fluids. On the basis of the E(2) to P-4 ratio, ovarian formation classes were further divided into two subclasses (E(2) dominant and P-4 dominant). The results provide evidence of 1) the presence of immunoreactive GH and PRL in all the follicular and cystic fluids assayed, 2) an increasing concentration of GH correlated to the stage of luteinization of the cyst and a direct correlation between GH and P-4 concentrations, 3) a significant variability of intraovarian fluid PRL concentration not related to the histological class of the cyst nor to the concentrations of steroid hormones examined, and 4) the possibility of distinguishing 6 different ovarian formation classes by merely measuring GH, P-4, E(2) and T concentrations in fluids. These data contribute to a better understanding of the endocrine milieu of bovine ovarian cystic degeneration." CARSONDUNKERLEY, S.A.; HANSON, R.R. "Ovariectomy of granulosa cell tumors in mares by use of the diagonal paramedian approach: 12 cases (1989-1995)" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association" "JUL 15 1997","211","2","204" "S.A. Carsondunkerley/Auburn Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Large Anim Surg & Med/Auburn, AL 36849 USA" "Objective-To describe the short- and long-term survival rates in horses undergoing ovariectomy for granulosa cell tumors by use of the diagonal paramedian approach.%Design-Retrospective case study.%Animals-12 horses with granulosa cell tumors.%Procedure-A diagonal paramedian approach for unilateral ovariectomy was used for removal of each mare's granulosa cell tumor. Information about complications and outcomes was analyzed.%Results-Only minimal complications were detected postoperatively when the diagonal paramedian approach was used, regardless of the preferred technique for ovarian pedicle ligation or incisional closure and the use of pre- and postoperative medications. Clinical signs of moderate or severe postoperative abdominal pain were not evident in any of the 12 horses. Short- and longterm survival rates were 100%.%Clinical Implications-The diagonal paramedian approach was advantageous for ovarian tumor removal, because the ovary was immediately adjacent to the body wall at a portion of the incision site. Size of the ovary was not a limitation, because muscle tissues al the edges of the incision were flexible and easily retractable. All of these factors improved exposure, decreased traction on the 6 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

ovary, increased our ability to observe the vasculature, and decreased postoperative morbidity, aiding in the removal of granulosa cell tumors in mares." FIKE, K.E.; WEHRMAN, M.E.; BERGFELD, E.G.M.; KOJIMA, F.N.; KINDER, J.E. "Prolonged increased concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol associated with development of persistent ovarian follicles do not influence conception rates in beef cattle" "Journal of Animal Science","MAY 1997","75","5","1363-1367" "J.E. Kinder/Univ Nebraska/Dept Anim Sci/Lincoln, NE 68583 USA" "Objectives were to evaluate conception rates and time to estrus following cessation of treatments designed to either cause prolonged elevated concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol associated with development of persistent ovarian follicles or to inhibit elevated concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol and development of persistent ovarian follicles. Beef heifers (n = 80) and 2-yr-old nonlactating cows (n = 39) were stratified by age, blocked by estrual status (previously exhibited estrus or anestrus) and assigned to receive either 1) four norgestomet implants (4 Norg; n = 59) for 9 d (d 0 = treatment initiation) or 2) one norgestomet implant from d 0 to 7 and three additional norgestomet implants from d 7 to 9 (1 + 3 Norg; n = 60). All animals received PGF(2 alpha) on d 0 to lyse corpora lutea. All implants were removed on d 9 followed by estrus detection every 6 h for 7 d following implant removal. Females exhibiting estrus were artificially inseminated 6 to 12 h after detection of estrus. A treatment x day interaction (P < .01) for concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol from d 0 to 9 of the experiment with elevated 17 beta-estradiol occurring in females treated with 1 + 3 Norg implants. The interval from treatment withdrawal to estrus was longer (P < .01) in females treated with 1 + 3 Norg (105 h) than in those treated with 4 Norg (61 h). Synchrony of estrus among anestrous females was greater (P < .10) in females treated with 4 Norg (97%) than in females treated with 1 + 3 Norg (67%) but was similar in estrual females. Conception rates (number conceiving to AI/number bred by AI) did not differ (4 Norg = 67%; 1 + 3 Norg = 72%; P > .10). Pregnancy rates (number conceiving to AI/number in treatment group) also did not differ between treatment groups of either estrual or anestrous females. Conception rates are not compromised in females that develop persistent ovarian follicles and have prolonged elevated concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol when persistent ovarian follicles are not allowed to ovulate." FOLEY, G.L. "Pathology of the corpus luteum of cows" "Theriogenology","MAY 1 1996","45","7","1413-1428" "G.L. Foley/Univ Illinois/Dept Vet Pathobiol/Urbana, IL 61801 USA" "The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ which can manifest a number of pathologic conditions such as cysts, inflammation, adhesions, dysfunction and neoplasia. Luteal and follicular cysts are the most commonly encountered abnormalities and need to be distinguished from cysts within a normal CL. Inflammatory lesions are also frequently encountered and can be caused by viral, bacterial, or iatrogenic causes. If inflammation is severe, adhesions and subfertility/infertility can result. Luteal dysfunction is a broad classification of another pathologic condition encountered in the cow. Generally this results in abnormal production of progesterone or abnormal luteal lifespan resulting in infertility. Neoplasms are relatively rare in the CL but include both primary and metastatic tumors. Understanding the pathologic conditions that occur within the CL will allow a more accurate clinical assessment of these very dynamic endocrine structures."

7 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

GARVERICK, H.A. "Ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows" "Journal of Dairy Science","MAY 1997","80","5","995-1004" "H.A. Garverick/Univ Missouri/Dept Anim Sci/Anim Sci Res Ctr 163/Columbia, MO 65211 USA" "Ovarian follicular cysts are anovulatory follicular structures that occur in 10 to 13% of dairy cows. This review focuses upon the dynamics of cyst growth, development, and persistence as well as on associated endocrine and cellular mechanisms. During the estrous cycle of cows, two to four waves of follicular growth occur. From a cohort of recruited follicles, one is selected for continued growth and dominance while the others undergo atresia and regress. In contrast, cysts have long been thought to be static structures that persist for extended periods. Although cysts can persist for extended periods, most regress over time and are replaced during subsequent follicular waves. The next dominant follicle either ovulates or develops into a new cyst. The recruitment of a cohort of follicles from which a cyst develops and the growth rate of cysts to ovulatory size are similar to ovulatory follicular waves, but the cyst continues to grow for a longer period. The interval between waves of follicular growth is longer for cows with cysts than for cows with normal estrous cycles. Each wave is preceded by a transient increase in circulating FSH. Near the time of cyst development and persistence, the concentration of FSH is not different from that during normal estrous cycles. Serum concentrations of LH and estradiol-17 beta are higher in cows that develop cysts than in cows that do not. Conversely, hypothalamic content of GnRH is lower in cows with cysts. Thus, cysts are dynamic structures, and their deve lopment and lifespan are likely associated with altered hypothalamic-hypophysial-ovarian function." GASTAL, E.L.; KOT, K.; GINTHER, O.J. "Ultrasound-guided intrafollicular treatment in mares" "Theriogenology","NOV 1995","44","7","1027-1037" "E.L. Gastal/Univ Wisconsin/1655 Linden Dr/Madison, WI 53706 USA" "A technique for intrafollicular treatment with a transvaginal ultrasound-guided injection needle was developed using equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) as the test substance. An injection was made into one growing follicle of a wave when the follicles were 20 to 23 mm.The treated follicles were injected with 1000 iu of eCG in 0.2 ml saline solution and control follicles were injected with 0.2 ml of the saline vehicle (10 mares per group, 1 follicle per mare). The injection system used an inner 25-gauge needle and an outer 20-gauge needle inserted together through the needle-guide channel of a linear-array transvaginal transducer. The outer needle was pushed through the vaginal wall and the inner needle was then advanced into the follicle during monitoring on the ultrasound screen. The turbulence in the follicular fluid associated with injection was observable on the screen. Seven follicles were successfully injected in each group. The follicular fluid in the control follicles remained anechoic until thefollicle was no longer identifiable or ovulated. All 7 follicles in the eCG group showed ultrasonic indications of luteinization, based on the formation of an echogenic, thickened wall or area. Five of the 7 developed a central area that had the ultrasonic appearance of a blood clot similar to the appearance of a corpus hemorrhagicum. Ovulation was not detected in any of the eCG-treated follicles. The maximum post-treatment diameter of follicles was greater (P100 mu/ml. The susceptibility of 14 A. pyogenes isolates of bovine udder origin and 3 A. pyogenes ATCC isolates from the bovine udder and abscesses in sheep and swine to antibiotics was determined, for comparative purposes. Most of the isolates recovered from the uterus were resistant to OTC and sulpha/TMP whereas this was not the case for isolates recovered from other sources." COHEN, R.O.; COLODNER, R.; ZIV, G.; KENESS, J. "Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of obligate anaerobic bacteria recovered from the uteri of dairy cows with retained fetal membranes and postparturient endometritis" "Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B - Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health","JUN 1996","43","4","193-199" "G. Ziv/Kimron Vet Inst/Minist Agr/POB 12/IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel" "The uteri of 77 postparturient dairy cows were sampled. Samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically, and the nature of bacterial growth was identified. A mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infection was found in 55 % of the samples. Actinomyces pyogenes was the predominant aerobic species; it was found in 70 % of the samples, whereas Bacteroides melaninogenicus was the most frequent anaerobic species isolated. Altogether, 16 species belonging to the genus Bacteroides were identified with variable frequencies. It 11 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

appears that more than one Bacteroides species colonizes the uterus of a given cow postpartum. %The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin, metronidazole, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin for 83 anaerobic isolates were determined. All isolates were susceptible to clindamycin (MIC(90) of 0.064 mu g/ml) and all but two to metronidazole. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was variable, with a bimodal distribution of MIC values. The MIC of tetracycline for 90 % of the isolates was >256 mu g/ml." DOHMEN, M.J.W.; LOHUIS, J.A.C.M.; HUSZENICZA, G.; NAGY, P.; GACS, M. "The relationship between bacteriological and clinical findings in cows with subacute chronic endometritis" "Theriogenology 43: 8 (JUN 1995) Page(s) 1379-1388" "M..J.W. Dohmen, Intervet Int BV, POB 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, Netherlands" "Bacteriological data from the uterine swabs of 101 cows with subacute/chronic (> 14 d post partum) endometritis, with additional clinical observations (cervical discharge score), were collected before and at 14 d after intrauterine treatment with antibiotics. The discharge score ranged from 0 (clear mucus) to 4, and increased when it was more purulent. On the day of treatment, Actinomyces pyogenes, Bacteroides spp. and Fusobacterium necrophorum were isolated from 65, 77 and 61% of the uterine swabs. Escherichia coli was present in 36% and other bacteria in 48% of the swabs. The presence of A. pyogenes was positively correlated with that of Bacteroides spp. (P < 0.001) and F. necrophorum (P < 0.05), whereas E. coli and streptococci were negatively associated with the presence of A. pyogenes (P < 0.05). Actinomyc pyogenes, Bacteroides spp and F. necrophorum were positively correlated with a discharge score (P < 0.05). The absence of A. pyogenes and/or F. necrophorum at 14 d after treatment resulted in higher clinical cure rates (defined as absence of pathologic discharge), (P < 0.01). These data support the importance of A. pyogenes and Gram- negative anaerobes in the pathology of endometritis. We also conclude that vaginoscopic examination is a good tool for the diagnosis of subacute/chronic endometritis and evaluation of the result of the treatment". LAMPE, A. "Recurring colic in a mare with an ovary hematoma" "Praktische Tierarzt","SEP 1 1997","78","9","744" "A.Lampe/Tierarztlichen Praxis Dr Kraemer/Lindenstr 10/D-41569 Rommerskirchen, Germany" "An incomplete left dorsal displacement of the large colon with an impaction of the stenostenotic gut segment was diagnosed in a 6-year-old Trakehner mare. The presence of an ovarian hematoma on the left ovary is a possible reason for appearance of colic." PEELER, E.J.; OTTE, M.J..; ESSLEMONT, R.J. "Inter-relationships of periparturient diseases in dairy cows" Veterinary Record 134: 6 (FEB 5 1994) Page(s) 129-132 E.J. Peeler, Univ Reading, Dept Agr,Vet Epidemiol & Econ Res Unit, Reading RG6 2AT, England. The associations between periparturient diseases in 3603 lactations over three calving seasons were assessed on 10 dairy farms in the south west of England by using logistic regression. Calf mortality and dystocia were strongly associated. Twinning and dystocia were important predictors of calf mortality. Twinning was also a significant predictor for retained fetal membranes. Retained fetal membranes, twins, calf mortality and dystocia,in that order of importance, were risk factors for vulval discharge. Twinning, dystocia, retained fetal 12 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

membranes and lameness before service increased the risk of mastitis before service. Similarly, mastitis and dystocia before service increased the risk of lameness before service. Oestrus was less likely to be observed in cows that had twinned or suffered lameness before service, the latter having a significantly greater influence in first calvers than older cows. SAR, G.C.; MOHANTY, B.N.; RAY, S.K.H.; MOHANTY, D.N. "Endometrial biopsy in infertile cows" "Indian Journal of Animal Sciences","NOV 1996","66","11","1100-1105" "G.C. Sar/Frozen Semen Bank/Sambalpur/Orissa, India" "Endometrial samples from 39 clinical cases and 18 slaughtered cows were collected by Nielson's biopsy cathetor. These samples revealed acute and sub-acute inflammation of uterus in 90 and 10% samples, respectively, in repeaters with normal discharge, whereas in cows with abnormal discharge the corresponding percentage was 10 and 40 with 50% showing chronic form of endometritis. Occurrence of acute, sub-acute and chronic forms of endometritis in 18 sterile cows was 22.22, 27.78 and 50.00%, whereas all the control animals did not show any inflammatory changes in the biopsy materials." SLIMANE, N.; AHMADI, C.; OUALI, F.; KACHTI, M.; THIBIER, M. "Epidemiological and clinical analysis of post puerperium endometritis in dairy cows " "Recueil de Médecine Veterinaire 170: 12 (DEC 1994) Page(s) 823-832" "N. Slimane, Ecole Natl Med Vet, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia" "The aim of the present study was to analyse some of the epidemiological factors involved in post-partum endometritis and their influence on the subsequent fertility in tunisian dairy herd as well as the effectiveness of various treatments. This study was carried on a number of 250 cows approximately from the same farm during four consecutive years in which a Reproduction survey such as the so-called Integrated Veterinary Program of Action for Reproduction (PAVIR) was applied. The overall rate of endometritis was 17,2 p. cent. Significant factors susceptible to modify this rate were the age and season. By contrast, individual repeatability and milk production were without effect. Corynebacterium were the most often isolated from the vulvae and uterine cavity in respectively 39.5 p. cent and 52.5 p. cent of these cases of endometritis. Treatments with Antibiotherapy and Prostaglandine F-2 alpha resulted in a conception rate of 70 p. cent in the 120 days after calving. In conclusion, systematic clinical examination performed 30 day after parturition was found to be an important feature to preduce the detrimental effect of such post-puerperium endometritis and the majority of cases had recovered in an interval of time compatible with the herds economics." WATSON, E.D.; THOMSON, R.M. "Lymphocyte subsets in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis" "Equine Veterinary Journal","MAR 1996","28","2","106-110" "E.D. Watson/Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies/Dept Vet Clin Studies/Easter Bush/Roslin EH25 9RG/Midlothian, Scotland" "The density and distribution of MHC Class II positive cells and subpopulations of lymphocytes were studied in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. In genitally normal mares, more MHC Class II positive cells were present in the epithelium and stratum compactum during oestrus than dioestrus, Significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were present in the stratum compactum than in the 13 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

stratum spongiosum, CD4+ lymphocytes were present in greater numbers than CD8+ lymphocytes in the stratum compactum but approximately equal numbers were present in the stratum spongiosum and in lymphoid aggregates, Occasional CD4+ and CD8+ cells were seen in the luminal and glandular epithelium. Infrequently, B cells were present in the endometrium and were not observed in the epithelium. Numbers of T and B cells did not appear to be affected by cycle stage, In mares with endometritis, the densities of CD4+, CD8+ and B cells were significantly increased, Large aggregates of lymphoid cells which containe approximately twice as many CD4+ cells as CD8+ cells were present in the endometrium of these mares and all 3 subclasses of lymphocyte were seen occasionally in luminal and glandular epithelium. WATSON, E.D. "Swabbing protocols in screening for contagious equine metritis" "Veterinary Record","MAR 15 1997","140","11","268-271" "E.D. Watson/Univ Edinburgh/Dept Vet Clin Studies/Vet Field Stn/Easter Bush/Roslin EH25 9RG/Midlothian, Scotland" "Outbreaks of contagious equine metritis in Britain during 1996 emphasised the importance of preventing the disease through full and widespread implementation of the Horserace Betting Levy Board's code of practice. The provision of satisfactory samples for testing represents an integral part of applying the cone. Here, in an article commissioned by the British Equine Veterinary Association, Dr Elaine Watson describes the techniques involved." WEBER, J.A.; WOODS, G.L.; AGUILAR, J.J. "Effects of cervical dilation and intrauterine infusions on the timing of oviductal transport of equine embryos" "Theriogenology","JUN 1996","45","8","1443-1448" "G.L. Woods/Univ Idaho/Dept Vet & Anim Sci/NW Equine Reprod Lab/Moscow, ID 83844 USA" "Equine embryos spend 5 to 6 d in the oviduct before entering the uterus as expanded blastocysts, and cannot be consistently collected nonsurgically until Day 7. Technologies such as cryopreservation and embryo splitting, which are most successful with embryos at the morula or early blastocyst stage, have not been used in mares because equine morulae and early blastocysts are located in the oviduct and cannot be recovered nonsurgically. These experiments test the hypothesis that transport of equine embryos through the oviduct can be hastened by cervical dilation or by acute, sterile endometritis induced by intrauterine oyster glycogen treatment. Cervical dilation with or without intrauterine infusion of 0.5 ml PBS on Day 4 did not appear to hasten the transport of embryos into the uterus since Day 5 uterine embryo recovery rates were not higher (P >0.1) for mares with cervical dilation or cervical dilation plus PBS infusion vs mares receiving no treatments (0 of 5 and 0 of 5 vs 0 of 10, respectively). Intrauterine infusions of 40 ml of 1% oyster glycogen or 40 ml of PBS on Day 3 did not appear to hasten the transport of embryos into the uterus since Day 5 uterine embryo recovery rates were not higher (P >0.1) for oyster glycogen- or PBS-treated vs untreated mares (2 of 12 and 3 of 11 vs 0 of 10, respectively). Cervical and uterine treatments on Day 3 or Day 4 and uterine lavages on Day 5 decreased (P 2 hours. Tissue samples were evaluated histologically, and the average numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, siderophages, and mast cells was determined. Protease content of mast cells was examined with a double-enzyme immunohistochemical staining technique, using a histochemical reaction for chloroacetate esterase and fast blue to detect chymase activity and an immunohistochemical staining method with a polyclonal antibody and fast red for the detection of tryptase. Analyzing the cell numbers using the statistical software Statistica, a marked inflammatory reaction was observed in the endometrium postpartum. Although the number of granulocytes decreased during the first 9 days postpartum, the number of lymphocytes, macrophages, and siderophages increased. No significant difference in the number of any of these cell types could be demonstrated in the three different courses of the puerperal period, although the numbers of these cells seemed to be lower in mares with dystocia. In contrast with other cells, no change in the number of endometrial mast cells was observed during the puerperal period, but a significantly lower number were found in the endometrium of mares with retained placenta. The enzyme immunohistochemical double-labeling technique could demonstrate only tryptase-positive mast cells; no chymase activity was detectable in any endometrial mast cells. The number of mast cells detected with the metachromatic staining technique was significantly higher than that detected with double labeling. These results support the hypothesis that a sufficient number of mast cells may be necessary for a normal postnatal period and suggest a mast cell subtype in the equine endometrium that is tryptase and chymase negative." ZERBE, H.; SCHUBERTH, H.J.; HOEDEMAKER, M.; GRUNERT, E.; LEIBOLD, W. "A new model system for endometritis: Basic concepts and characterization of phenotypic and functional properties of bovine uterine neutrophils" "Theriogenology","DEC 1996","46","8","1339-1356" "H. Zerbe/Hannover Sch Vet Med/Ctr Bovine Gynecol & Obstet/D-30173 Hannover, Germany" "The intention of this study was to develop a model system of puerperal endometritis in cows, which would permit detailed analysis of components and mechanisms relevant to the onset and development of this disease. As the first essential step we examined the induction and migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uterus under defined conditions. Migration of neutrophils into the uterus of healthy estrus synchronized heifers (n=8) was induced by intrauterine infusion of 50 ml of a 30 nmol/l solution of 15 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

leukotriene B-4 (LTB(4)). Before and 24 h after the infusion, cells were flushed from the uterine lumen. In addition to total leukocyte counts, viability and morphological differentiation of various leukocyte populations, phenotypic characteristics of PMNs were monitored by means of quantitative immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. The capacity of PMNs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) following activation with phorbol ester was measured using dihydrorhodamine 123. The phagocytic activity of PMNs was determined by their ingestion of fluorochrome labeled nonviable staphylococci. Most methods mentioned above were adapted to flow cytometric analysis. The LTB(4) attracted selectively large numbers of PMNs into the uterus. In comparison with contemporarily harvested blood PMNs, neutrophils recovered from the uterine lumen showed changes in the expression of some but not all of their surface structures. Phagocytic activity of uterine PMNs was significantly lower when compared with that of blood PMNs. In contrast, the generation of ROS was not different between blood and uterine PMNs. Thus, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of a physiological mediator of inflammation such as LTB(4) has been successful. This bovine model permits detailed analysis of migration of PMNs into the uterus and their behavior under defined conditions within the autologous system.

CAPÍTULO IV FACTORES GENÉTICOS de ESTERILIDAD o de INFERTILIDAD JUSTI, A.; HECHT, W.; HERZOG, A.; SPECK, J. "Comparison of different methods for the diagnosis of freemartins - Polymerase chain reaction, blood group serology and karyotyping" "Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift","DEC 1995","102","12","471-474" "A.Herzog/Univ Giessen/Fachgebiet Vet Med Genet & Zytogenet/Hofmannstr 10/D-35392 Giessen, Germany" "The percentage of freemartins among blood samples tested by chromosome analysis amounted to 83,9%, by blood group serologie 71,4%. 126 blood samples have been tested by blood group serology and PCR. Employing blood group serology, 71,3% and using PCR with BOV97M primers 85,8% of the animals proved to be freemartins. 40 blood samples were additionally analysed using PCR with zinc- finger-gene primers. 36 animals (90%) were identified as being freemartins by means of BOV97M and 34 animals (85%) by means of the zinc-finger- gene primer. The PCR method proved to be a rapid and very sensitive method for the diagnosis of freemartins and also suitable for routine testing. The BOV97M primer showed to have a higher Y chromosome specifity than the zinc-finger- gene primer." MIYAKE, Y.I.; KANEMAKI, M.; CHIBA, A. "Chromosomal analysis of cases with chimerism that consisted of normal cells and cells with 1/29 translocation in homosexual twin cows and their calves" "Reproduction in Domestic Animals","MAY 1997","32","3","175-177" "Y.I. Miyake/Iwate Univ/Fac Agr/Dept Vet Med/Lab Theriogenol/Morioka/Iwate 020, Japan" "This communication describes cases with chimeric patterns that consisted of cells with 60,XX and 59,XX,t(1:29) in homosexual twin cows and a dam having heterozygosity for 1/29 Robertsonian translocation. The calves from one partner twin had 1/29 translocation 16 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

only. On the other hand, calves from another partner twin had normal cells only. From the results obtained, it is proposed that germ cells would not migrate in bovine freemartin syndrome." MOMMENS, G.; VANZEVEREN, A.; PEELMAN, L. "Detection of freemartins by a Y chromosome specific DNA sequence" "Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift","MAR-APR 1997","66","2","88-92" "G.Mommens/Lab Bloedgrp Onderzoek Runderen/St Lenaartsebaan 29/B-2390 Malle, Belgium" "Freemartins which go unrecognized represent an economic loss for the farmer holding them for breeding. Consequently, early diagnosis is needed. The presence of the Y chromosome in freemartins can be detected immediately after birth by a DNA technique. This method is quicker than classical karyotyping, is easier to interpret than blood typing, and its efficiency is guaranteed by the inclusion of a control band. The results of 36 cases are presented. Freemartinism was diagnosed in 31 (86%) of them. Comparisons with blood typing were made in 20 cases. Seventeen freemartins and two negatives were diagnosed with both techniques. In one case the Y chromosome was revealed only by the DNA technique." NG, A.; SATHASIVAM, K.; LAURIE, S.; NOTARIANNI, E. "Determination of sex and chimaerism in the domestic sheep by DNA amplification using HMG-box and microsatellite sequences" "Animal Reproduction Science","FEB 1996","41","2","131-139" "E. Notarianni/Univ Newcastle/Sch Med/Dept Physiol Sci/Newcastle Tyne NE2 4HH/Tyne & Wear, England" "We describe a rapid, reliable method for the sexing of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) by amplification of Y-chromosome-specific sequences in male ge nomic DNA using the polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotide primers were selected from a conserved sequence, the HMG box, in the sequence of ovine Sry, permitting amplification of a defined 161 bp fragment only from male-specific genomic DNA. As a control, microsatellite primers also were used in PCR reactions, recognising a sequence that is amplifiable in genomic DNA from both males and females. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique for the detection of Y-specific sequences in foetal biopsies (specifically small numbers of foetal germ cells), and in reconstruction mixtures of male and female genomic DNA to simulate the analysis of intersex chimaeras which would be produced when pluripotent cells have been established for this species." SATOH, S.; HIRATA, T.I.; MIYAKE, Y.I.; KANEDA, Y. "The possibility of early estimation for fertility in bovine heterosexual twin females – Note" "Journal of Veterinary Medical Science","MAR 1997","59","3","221-222" "Y.I. Miyake/Iwate Univ/Fac Agr/Dept Vet Med/Lab Theriogenol/Morioka/Iwate 020, Japan" "To diagnose the possibility of early estimation for fertility in bovine heterosexual twin females, we designed a new diagnostic program. The 9 freemartins (FM) and 5 normal females (Normal) were used in this study. All 14 cases, at 4 months of age, were given Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) 1.5-2 days later. Thereafter, the concentration of estradiol-17 beta (E(2)) was determined by RIA, and that of progesterone (P) was done by RIA and EIA (Ovcheck EIA Kit). The concentration of E(2) in the Group of Normal rapidly increased after administration of PMSG, but in the Group of FM, the concentration of E(2) changed in very low levels over 14 17 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

days. The concentration of P in the Group of Normal rapidly increased after administration of PMSG, but in the Group of FM, the concentration of P changed in very low levels over 14 days." SCHMUTZ, S.M.; MOKER, J.S.; PAWLYSHYN, V.; HAUGEN, B.; CLARK, E.G. "Fertility effects of the 14;20 robertsonian translocation in cattle" "Theriogenology","MAR 1997","47","4","815-823" "S.M. Schmutz/Univ Saskatchewan/Dept Anim & Poultry Sci/Saskatoon/SK S7N 0W0, Canada" "Superovulation and embryo collection procedures were used to study the effect of the 14;20 Robertsonian translocation on fertility and embryo viability. Karyotypes were successfully completed on cells from 77 of the 279 embryos prepared for such analysis. Embryos from 4 cows heterozygous for the translocation were studied. Two bulls with the same condition were studied by using their semen in artificial insemination of cows with normal karyotypes. The proportions of fertilized ova and transferable embryos were not different between cows with the 14;20 translocation and those with normal karyotypes, indicating that fertilization rates were not affected: by the translocation. Twenty-two percent of the embryos which were karyotyped had an unbalanced karyotype and would theoretically not have survived to term. All of the theoretically predicted chromosome complements from such a translocation were observed as were three 58,XX,t karyotypes and a 58,XX karyotype. There was no difference in the percentage of embryos with abnormal karyotypes whether the cow or bull was the carrier. Results therefore indicate that fertility is rather severely impaired in carriers of the 14;20 translocation, as was observed with the 1;29 translocation, with most loss due to embryo mortality rather than a lowered conception rate. (C) 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc."

CAPÍTULO V ENFERMEDADES QUE AFECTAN LA REPRODUCCIÓN ALBINA, E. "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: ten years of experience (1986-1996) with this undesirable virus infection" "Veterinary Research","JUL-AUG 1997","28","4","305-352" "E Albina/Cneva Ploufragan/Lab Cent Rech Avicole & Porcine/Unite Rech Virol & Immunol Porcines/BP 53/F-22440 Ploufragan, France" "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease in swine that emerged 10 years ago. Today, PRRS is endemic in many if not all the pig-producing countries. The syndrome is due to a small enveloped RNA virus which belongs to the new Arteriviridae group. This group also includes the equine arterivirus and the simian hemorrhagic fever virus. The disease produces many clinical symptoms in pigs of any age but the two major features of the syndrome are respiratory and reproductive failure. An influenza- like illness is often observed consisting of a transient loss of appetite, slight hyperthermia and respiratory distress. The reproductive problems include late-term abortion, stillbirth and young piglet mortality. The virus is remarkably well adapted to its natural host. It infects almost exclusively pig monocytes or macrophages. For unexplained reasons, the 18 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

virus may persist in the body for extended periods (several weeks) after an antibody immune response has been mounted. Within herds, the virus may persist for several years. In the acute phase of the infection, the immune functions of the pig may be impaired, however, a chronic immunosuppressive effect does not seem to occur thereafter. Several vaccines are available, which all have protective value against PRRS clinical disorders.None of them, however, has been tested for its ability to prevent or shorten the persistent infection in individual pigs or the long-term effect of virus circulation within herds. In the future, PRRS virus may be only an additional contaminant of farms with limited effects on profitability; however the possibility for this persistent infection to supply swine or eventually other species with new pathogenic variants must be also considered. This review provides a detailed description of the aetiology, pathology, immunology, diagnostic methods and epidemiology of PRRS." ANDERSON, M.L.; PALMER, C.W.; THURMOND, M.C.; PICANSO, J.P.; BLANCHARD, P.C.; BREITMEYER, R.E.; LAYTON, A.W.; MCALLISTER, M.; DAFT, B.; KINDE, H.; READ, D.H.; DUBEY, J.P.; CONRAD, P.A.; BARR, B.C. "Evaluation of abortions in cattle attributable to neosporosis in selected dairy herds in California" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","NOV 1 1995","207","9","1206" "M.L. Anderson/Univ Calif Davis/Sch Vet Med/Vet Diagnost Lab/Davis, CA 95616USA" "Objective-To estimate the minimum rate of abortion attributable to infection with Neospora sp in selected California dairy herds.%Design-Prospective study.%Animals-Twenty-six dairy herds containing 19,708 cows were studied. Fourteen herds had a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and 12 were herds in which neosporosis had not been identified as a cause of abortions.%Procedure-During a 1-year period, all available aborted fetuses were submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories to determine the cause of abortion. Reproductive records of cows that aborted were reviewed.%Results-Neospora sp infection was the major cause of abortion identified (113/266 abortions, 42.5%). The majority (232/266, 87.2%) of the aborted fetuses were submitted from herds with a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and Neospora sp infection was identified as the causative agent in 101 of 232 (43.5%) of the abortions from these herds. Fewer aborted fetuses were submitted from the 12 herds that did not have a history of abortion attributable to Neospora sp; however, neosporosis was confirmed as a cause of abortion in 6 of these 12 herds and was identified as the causative agent in 12 of 34 (35.3%) abortions from these herds. The disease was widespread throughout the state (19/26 herds in our study). Available reproductive histories of cows that had abortions attributed to neosporosis were evaluated, and 4 cows were identified that twice aborted Neospora- infected fetuses." BJORKMAN, C.; JOHANSSON, O.; STENLUND, S.; HOLMDAHL, O.J.M.; UGGLA, A. "Neospora species infection in a herd of dairy cattle" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","MAY 1 1996","208","9","1441" "C. Bjorkman/Swedish Univ Agr Sci/Dept Cattle & Sheep Dis/POB 7019/S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden" "Objective-To investigate the route of transmission of Neospora sp in a herd of dairy cattle in which sporadic abortions had been observed since the establishment of the farm in 1980.%Design-Serum samples were screened for antibodies to Neospora sp, and records from an artificial insemination program were analyzed.%Animals-58 female cattle.%Procedure-An ELISA was used to screen serum samples for antibodies to Neospora sp. Fertility, calf mortality, and relationships between specific cattle were investigated. Statistical analysis was 19 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

performed on the fertility data.%Results-Antibodies were detected in 17 of 58 (29%) tested cattle, All seropositive cattle were descendants of 2 cows purchased in 1980. Cattle that were descendants of those 2 cows were compared with their herdmates, but significant differences were not detected in the number of inseminations per confirmed pregnancy or in the number of cattle that required more than 1 insemination/pregnancy. Since 1980, there were 323 confirmed pregnancies in the herd, and calf mortality (prenatal and perinatal mortality) was 24 of 323 (7%).%Clinical implications-Congenital transmission of Neospora organisms together with the apparent lack of horizontal transmission observed in the herd reported here indicated that Neospora sp has the ability to be transmitted from dam to offspring for several generations. This mode of transmission would explain the maintenance of infection in a population of cattle despite the lack of a definitive host for the parasite." BJORKMAN, C.; HOLMDAHL, O.J.M.; UGGLA, A. "An indirect enzyme -linked immunoassay (ELISA) for demonstration of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum and milk of cattle" "Veterinary Parasitology","FEB 1997","68","3","251-260" "C. Bjorkman/Swedish Univ Agr Sci/Dept Cattle & Sheep Dis/Box 7019/S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden" "An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum from cattle is described, Extracted tachyzoite proteins incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) were used as coating antigen and a mouse monoclonal antibody to bovine immunoglobulin G1 as conjugate. Western blot analysis of the iscom preparation revealed a restricted number of antigens compared with whole parasite homogenates. When probed with a serum from an experimentally infected calf, heavily stained antigens with apparent molecular masses of 28, 35, 45 and 78 kDa were seen, The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 100% and 96%, respectively, against an indirect fluorescent antibody test as indicator of true status, The applicability of the ELISA for demonstration of antibodies in milk was evaluated and the agreement between serum and milk ELISA was 95%." BONDURANT, R.H. "Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of trichomoniasis in cattle" "Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice","JUL 1997","13","2","345" "R.H. Bondurant/Univ Calif Davis/Sch Vet Med/Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod/Davis, CA 95616 USA" "Bulls are increasingly able to carry Tritrichomonas foetus in the folds of epithelium on the surface of the penis and prepuce as they age. Transmission to the female reproductive tract at coitus does not necessarily interrupt fertilization, but results in embryonic or fetal death after the determination of pregna ncy. A definitive diagnosis in a suspect herd requires positive identification of the cause, either from preputial scrapings/flushings, or from aspirated cervicovaginal mucus. The self- limiting nature of infection in the female, and the chronic nature of infection in the male, make it more profitable to pursue the diagnosis in the bull battery first. Serological tests for screening female herds have been successful under experimental conditions. In natural service management systems, control involves segregation of the female by pregnancy status; the use of young, culture- negative bulls; and vaccination of females in enzootic areas."

20 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

BRENDEMUEHL, J.P.; CARSON, R.L.; WENZEL, J.G.W.; BOOSINGER, T.R.; SHELBY, R.A. "Effects of grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue on eCG and progestogen concentrations from gestation days 21 to 300 in the mare" "Theriogenology","JUL 1996","46","1","85-95" "J.P. Brendemuehl/Auburn Univ/Coll Agr & Vet Med/Dept Large Anim Surg & Med/Auburn, AL 36849 USA" "The influence of grazing endophyte- infected tall fescue on endometrial cup formation and function, progestogen production, and embryonic and fetal development were examined in pregnant mares between Day 21 and Day 300 of gestation. Total immunoreactive progestogens and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) concentrations were compared between untreated controls (endophyte- free, n=12) and treated mares (endophyte- infected, n=12). There were no differences in endometrial cup formation or function, as determined by eCG concentrations at Days 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 (P > 0.05) between mares grazing endophyte-infected and endophyte- free tall fescue. Mares grazing the endophyte- infected tall fescue had lower total progestogen concentrations (P < 0.01) from Days 90 to 120 than the mares grazing endophyte- free tall fescue. Embryonic development based on mean vesicle height was not affected by endophyte exposure. No pregnancies were lost by mares in either treatment group during the trial period. The results of this study indicate that grazing endophyte- infected tall fescue between Day 21 and Day 300 does not alter endometrial cup formation and function, or result in increased pregnancy losses during this period. Lower progestogen concentrations between Days 90 and 120 with exposure to endophyte- infected tall fescue could reflect decreased luteal progesterone production." BUXTON, D.; BREBNER, J.; WRIGHT, S.; MALEY, S.W.; THOMSON, K.M.; MILLARD, K. "Decoquinate and the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis" "Veterinary Record","MAY 4 1996","138","18","434-436" "D. Buxton/Moredun Res Inst/408 Gilmerton Rd/Edinburgh EH17 7JH/Midlothian, Scotland" "Decoquinate was tested for its ability to reduce the effect of experimentally induced toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes, Sheep were given decoquinate in their feed daily at either 2 mg or 1 mg/kg bodyweight from 10 days before an oral challenge with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 90 days of gestation, until lambing, Feeding decoquinate at the higher rate caused a delay in the onset of the febrile response to infection, reduced the overall severity of the fever and delayed the production of antibodies to the parasite. This treatment also reduced the placental damage caused by the parasite, lengthened the mean gestation period and increased the number and weight of live lambs, in comparison with ewes not fed decoquinate but challenged with T gondii oocysts. The treatment with 1 mg of decoquinate had smaller effects." BUXTON, D.; CALDOW, G.L.; MALEY, S.W.; MARKS, J.; INNES, E.A. "Neosporosis and bovine abortion in Scotland" "Veterinary Record","DEC 27 1997","141","25","649-651" "D. Buxton/Moredun Res Inst/408 Gilmerton Rd/Edinburgh EH17 7JH/Midlothian, Scotland" "Serum samples were collected over a two-year period from aborting cows and their fetuses from throughout Scotland; 465 maternal sera were examined using an 21 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

immunofluorescent antibody test for IgG antibody to Neospora caninum and 547 fetal sera were examined for IgM and IgG antibody to the parasite; 355 of the maternal sera were paired with their respective fetal samples. The maternal titres ranged from ys to 1/16,384, with 59 per cent (275) having titres of 1/128 or 1/256, Of the 547 fetal sera, 9.9 per cent had IgM titres equal to or greater than 1/64, 11.2 per cent had IgG titres equal to or greater than 1/64 and 15.9 per cent had IgM and/or IgG titres equal to or greater than 1/64, It is concluded that a fetal IgM or IgG titre of 1/64 or more is evidence of fetal exposure to N caninum but that the examination of maternal sera is less reliable on an individual basis, although valuable for indicating the degree of infection in a herd, Although fetal seropositivity does not necessarily provide proof that N caninum was the cause of death in a given case, the observation that 15.9 per cent of aborted fetuses had antibody to the parasite shows that vertical transmission from dam to fetus is relatively common and may be an important cause of fetal loss in cattle in Scotland." COX, B.T.; REICHEL, M.P.; GRIFFITHS, L.M. "Serology of a Neospora abortion outbreak on a dairy farm in New Zealand: A case study" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","FEB 1998","46","1","28-31" "M.P. Reichel/Maf Qual Management/Cent Anim Hlth Lab/POB 40063/Upper Hutt, New Zealand" "To describe the kinetics of serological titres after an abortion outbreak in April- May 1995 due to Neospora caninum affected 17 dairy cows in a herd of 320.%Methods. Thirty- five cows, that had either aborted, carried mummified calves, were not pregnant or calved normally were bled several times at regular intervals and the sera tested for Neospora antibodies in the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT).%Results. Maximal IFAT titres of up to 1:4000 occurred within 6 weeks of the abortion outbreak, decreased over the next 2 months to less than or equal to 1:200 and remained at this level until the next scheduled bleed a further 2 months later. A rise in titres was subsequently observed in the cows that had aborted or were not pregnant (at the time of the abortions) or had carried mummified foetuses, Seroconversion was also observed in some of the control cows, which had, up until then, remained seronegative. A dog and cat in contact with the cows in the herd investigated were, however, negative in the IFAT.%Conclusions, Maximal serological titres in Neospora abortions are observed within weeks of the abortion event and then quickly return to very law levels. Subsequently, a recrudescence of titres can be observed in infected cows during the next pregnancy, without it being associated with repeat abortions." CHRISTOPHERHENNINGS, J.; NELSON, E.A.; NELSON, J.K.; BENFIELD, D.A. "Effects of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in boars" "American Journal of Veterinary Research","JAN 1997","58","1","40-45" "J. Christopherhennings/S Dakota State Univ/Anim Dis Res & Diagnost Lab/Brookings, SD 57007 USA" "Objectives-To determine whether Vaccine virus is found inserum and semen of vaccinated boars, whether vaccination prevents subsequent shedding of wild-type virus after challenge exposure, and whether semen and blood variables are altered after vaccination or challenge exposure with wild-type virus, or both.%Design- Throughout the 50-day postvaccination period, serum and semen from exposed boars were eva luated for the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). All boars were then challenge-exposed with PRRSV isolate VR-2332 and evaluated for an additional 27 days. 22 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

Semen quality variables, serostatus, and blood variables were monitored.%Animals-7 PRRSV-seronegative adult boars.%Procedure-Semen was collected 3 times weekly and evaluated by use of a nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of PRRSV RNA. Serum was obtained weekly and evaluated by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation. and PRRSV ELISA. Semen quality variables were evaluated 3 times weekly, and CBC was performed weekly.%Results-Vaccine virus was shed in the semen of all vaccinated boars, but shedding was of shorter duration in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars than that generally observed after exposure to wild-type virus. After challenge exposure, shedding of wild-type Virus in semen was shortened or eliminated in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars. Percentage of forward movement and normal spermatozoal morphology and motility were significantly reduced in vaccinated boars after challenge exposure. %Conclusions-Vaccine Virus was shed in semen of vaccinated boars, but vaccination generally reduced or eliminated shedding of wild-type PRRSV after challenge exposure. Semen quality appeared to be less than optimal, particularly after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure with wild-type virus.%Clinical Relevance-Extra- label use of the PRRSV vaccine in boars remains controversial because some boars may still shed wild-type virus in semen after challenge exposure at postvaccination day 50. Semen quality also appeared to be altered after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure." CRAVENS, R.L.; ELLSWORTH, M.A.; SORENSEN, C.D.; WHITE, A.K. "Efficacy of a temperature -sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type -1 vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","JUN 15 1996","208","12","2031" "R.L. Crave ns/Pfizer Anim Hlth/812 Springdale Dr/Exton, PA 19341 USA" "Objective-To evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available temperature-sensitive modified- live bovine her pesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) vaccine against BHV-1 challenge- induced abortion and stillbirth.%Design-Prospective randomized control trial. %Animals-20 cycling, nonpregnant, BHV-1 seronegative heifers of various breeds and weights, 12 to 15 months old.%Procedure-Heifers were randomly assigned to a vac cinate (n = 10) or nonvaccinate control (n = 10) group. Seventeen td 26 days after members of the vaccinate group received a second dose oi vaccine, all heifers were artificially inseminated. Heifers were challenged intravenously with Cooper strainBHV-1 between days 177 and 187 of gestation. Aborted fetuses and stillborn calves were necropsied, and tissues collected for histologic examination and virus isolation. Heifers, calves, and fetuses were tested for BHV-1 antibody throughout the study.%Results-The difference in number of abortions or still-births between vaccinated heifers (1/10) and control heifers (10/10) was significant (P < 0.003). Seven of 10 control heifers had a virus neutralization antibody titer to BHV-1 at abortion or stillbirth that declined or remained unchanged from their titer at a previous serologic evaluation (7 to 66 days earlier).%Clinical Implications-Prebreeding vaccination of replacement heifers with modified- live BHV-1 vaccine provides fetal protection at 6 months of gestation (7 months after vaccination) and appears to be a reasonable precaution to control economic losses associated with BHV-1 infection-Abortions induced by BHV-1 are not necessarily associated with rising or markedly high virus neutralization antibody titers. These titers should be used cautiously when assessing the role of BHV-1 in bovine abortion and stillbirth." CRUZ, N.; ARAYA, O.; ZAROR, L.; DELCAMPO, C.H. "Reproductive problems related to fescue toxicosis in mares" "Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria"," 1997","29","1","167-169" "N. Cruz/Gen Gorostiaga 548/Santiago, Chile" 23 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

"An outbreak of abortion, agalactia and weak foals was observed in a thorougbred breeding farm in south central Chile. Of 96 pregnant mares, grazing on tall fescue, 11 aborted and 6 presented agalactia. A high percentage of weak foals was also observed.%Acremonium coenophialum was isolated from tall fescue, suggesting that the reproductive problem observed was due to the presence of the endophyte." DEKRUIF, A.; OPSOMER, G.; DEMEULEMEESTER, L. "Abortion on a Belgian dairy farm due to Neospora caninum" "Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift","JUL-AUG 1997","66","4","179-182" "A. Dekruif/Vakgrp Voortplanting/Verloskunde & 133/B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium" "In this article special attention is paid to infections with Neospora caninum as a cause of abortion in cattle. Recently (1996) Neospora caninum was diagnosed in an aborted calf. This calf originated from a dairy herd with 65 cows. During the last seven years on average nine cows (14 %) have aborted per year on this farm. This finding shows that Neospora caninum infections are enzootic in Belgium." DONE, S.H.; PATON, D.J.; WHITE, M.E.C. "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): A review, with emphasis on pathological, virological and diagnostic aspects" "British Veterinary Journal","MAR 1996","152","2","153-174" "S.H. Done/Cent Vet Lab Weybridge/Addlestone KT15 3NB/Surrey, England" "Despite early attempts to control the spread of the disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has now become endemic in many countries including Britain. The occurrence of subclinical herd infections, the prolonged circulation of virus within herds and probable aerogenic virus spread all mitigated against the success of control measures. The origin of the disease is unknown but the causative agent has been shown to be an arterivirus with shared features to lactate dehydrogenase virus of mice. There is evidence of extreme genetic and antigenic variability between American and European isolates. PRRS virus has a predilection for alveolar macrophages and does not grow in most cell lines. In infected pigs, viraemia can persist for many weeks in the face of circulating antibodies and little is known about the mechanisms by which immunity to infection develops. A wide spectrum of disease has been reported from the field, accompanied in some cases by heavy economic losses. Reproductive and perinatal losses were most prominent when the disease first appeared. In the endemic phase, PRRS may be more significant as a contributory factor to a post-weaning respiratory syndrome of young pigs of 3-8 weeks. On- farm techniques have been developed to reduce the recycling of PRRS virus fi om older infected nursery pigs to the younger newly weaned pig. Vaccines are now marketed for the control of PRRS, but are not licensed for use in Britain. Improvements in knowledge of virion composition and antigenic stability and in the nature of the immune response of the pig should result in genetically engineered subunit vaccines becoming available. Diagnosis of PRRS is still difficult as many animals do not show clinical signs and may only be detected by serology and often only when other respiratory diseases are being investigated, Now that the infection is widespread, serological testing must be properly targeted and interpreted to give meaningful results about virus circulation. An increasing arsenal of diagnostic methods are becoming available to detect virus in both fresh and fixed specimens. The pathogenic mechanisms of PRRS remain poorly defined and more work is needed to reveal the nature of the interaction between PRRS virus and other factor's in disease.","Bailliere Tindall/24-28 Oval Rd/London/England NW1 7DX","" 24 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

EAGLESOME, M.D,; SAMPATH, M.I.; GARCIA, M.M. "A detection assay for Campylobacter fetus in bovine semen by restriction analysis of PCR amplified DNA" "Veterinary Research Communications 19: 4 (AUG 1995) Page(s) 253-263" "M.D. Eaglesome, Agr Agrifood Canada, Anim Dis Res Inst. POB 11300, Stn H, Nepean, on K2H 8P9, Canada." "A rapid screening assay for Campylobacter fetus in bull semen was developed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) to complement isolation by culture. An oligonucleotide primer pair (C-1/C-2) from the hypervariable region of 16S rRNA of C. fetus was used to amplify a 362 base pair fragment by PCR. Tile PCR/REA assay, which is completed in 10 hours, detected as few as three C. fetus subsp. venerealis cells in experimentally infected raw bull semen and in semen diluted with milk or egg yolk Tris (EYT). All the strains tested, of both subspecies of C. fetus, were amplified, as were some other Campylobacter species. Restricting the amplified products by AluI differentiated C. fetus from the other organisms. There was no visible product generated by PCR from C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, a saprophytic organism found in the prepuce of bulls, or from seven other species of bacteria found in semen. A modification of the PCR assay, using another primer pair (C-3/C-2) and two temperature PCR cycling conditions, increased the proba of detecting C. fetus subsp, venerealis. PCR amplification followed by REA could be used to screen bovine semen rapidly for C. fetus. In most cases, sequencing of C-1/C-2 PCR generated products would be preferable fo r distinguishing between the two subspecies of C. fetus. GAY, J.M.; EBEL, E.D.; KEARLEY, W.P. "Commingled grazing as a risk factor for trichomonosis in beef herds" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","AUG 1 1996","209","3","643" "J.M. Gay/Washington State Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Vet Clin Sci/Field Dis Invest Unit/Pullman, WA 99164 USA" "Objective-To evaluate commingled grazing on public lands as a risk factor for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herd bulls.%Design-Case-control study.%Sample Population-Based on 1994 data from the mandatory Idaho bull testing program, all 65 infected herds (case herds), 78 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested < 10 nonvirgin bulls, and 81 randomly elected test-negative herds that tested greater than or equal to 10 nonvirgin bulls (control herds). %Procedure-Managers of government-owned grazing lands in Idaho identified producers who had grazing permits for an allotment under their jurisdiction in 1993 and for that allotment recorded the number of animals the producer was permitted to graze on the allotment, the number of herds with grazing permits, The total number of animals permitted, and the dates on which grazing began and ended. The number of bulls tested, number of times tested, and test results were collated from the testing database.%Results-The relative sensitivity of bacterial culture of preputial smegma was 81%. The attributable fraction of T foetus infection associated with commingled grazing was 33%, and the odds ratio of infection was 9.0 for herds commingled with greater than or equal to 14 other herds. The total number of animals permitted on an allotment, the use of public lands, and type of public lands used were not significantly associated with infection status.%Clinical implications-These results suggest that to control the spread of trichomonosis, the number of herds commingling on a grazing allotment should be minimized and commingled herds should be managed collectively.

25 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

GRIFFITHS, P.C.; PLATER, J.M.; MARTIN, T.C.; HUGHES, S.L.; HUGHES, K.J.; HEWINSON, R.G.; DAWSON, M. "Epizootic bovine abortion in a dairy herd: Characterization of a Chlamydia psittaci isolate and antibody response" "British Veterinary Journal","NOV-DEC 1995","151","6","683-693" "P.C. Griffiths/Cent Vet Lab/Dept Virol/Minist Agr Fisheries & Food/Addlestone KT15 3NB/Surrey, England" "A chlamydial agent was recovered from the placental cotyledons of an aborting cow from a 100-cow dairy herd in Cumbria. Immunoblotting analysis of purified elementary bodies of the isolate revealed a reactivity pattern typical of serotype I Chlamydia psittaci strains. Nucleotide sequencing of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene further confirmed the isolate, BA1, as a serotype I strain. The sequence was identical to that of the type strain of ovine enzootic abortion, B577. In both the antigenic and MOMP sequencing analyses BA1 was distinguishable from serotype II C. pecorum strains. A sequential series of sera obtained from the aborting cow, from which BA1 was recovered, was analysed by immuno-blotting against the homologous isolate, and demonstrated reactivity to major chlamydial antigens over a 110-day period. Close contact between ruminant species on the farm suggested that the C. psittaci strain may have been transmitted to cattle from infected sheep." GUMBRELL, R.C.; SAVILLE, D.J.; GRAHAM, C.F. "Tactical control of ovine Campylobacter abortionoutbreaks with a bacterin" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","APR 1996","44","2","61-63" "C.F. Graham/Lincoln Anim Hlth Lab/POB 24/Lincoln, New Zealand" "Abortions due to Campylobacter fetus fetus (C. fetus fetus) were diagnosed in three Canterbury ewe flocks 6 weeks prior to lambing. In two of the necks, two inoculations of a C. fetus fetus bacterin, 10 days apart, reduced the incidence of abortions in the treated ewes to about one third and one half respectively of the level in the control ewes in the same nock. The treatment had no effect in a third nock where an outbreak had been in progress for 2 weeks before investigations started. The results confirm earlier Scottish work where pregnant sheep were inoculated with a C. fetus fetus vaccine following artificial challenge with C. fetus fetus. This inoculation significantly reduced the number of C. fetus fetus abortions. The results also indicate that treatment must start very early in an outbreak." ISHIYAMA, T.; NISHIMORI, T.; KATO, M.; YAMADA, H.; SATO, K.; SENTSUI, H. "Direct detection of equine herpesvirus DNA in tissues of aborted equine fetuses" "Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B - Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health","DEC 1996","43","10","639-642" "T. Ishiyama/Natl Inst Anim Hlth/Hokkaido Branch/Kannondai 3-1-1/Tsukuba/Ibaraki 305, Japan" "Restriction endonuc lease analysis of equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 has been investigated using cultured cells infected with these viruses. The DNA cleavage patterns of these viruses were observed in the intracellular DNA after digestion with Eco RI and electrophoresis. This procedure mas applied to the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus infection in aborted equine fetuses. The characteristic Eco RI restriction pattern of EHV-1 DNA was directly detectable in the emulsion of lungs collected from aborted equine fetuses."

26 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

JAMALUDDIN, A.A.; CASE, J.T.; HIRD, D.W.; BLANCHARD, P.C.; PEAUROI, J.R.; ANDERSON, M.L. "Dairy cattle abortion in California: Evaluation of diagnostic laboratory data" "Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","APR 1996","8","2","210-218" "A.A. Jamaluddin/Univ Calif Davis/Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst/Davis, CA 95616 USA" "A descriptive study was undertaken on 595 dairy cattle abortion submissions to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System from July 1, 1987, to December 31, 1989, to determine the etiologic nature and distribution (seasonal and geographical) of dairy cattle abortion in California as reflected by laboratory submissions. Univariate analysis was performed to characterize abortion-related submissions by farm and laboratory variables, and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors that may influence success of abortion diagnosis in the laboratory. The proportions of dairies that submitted abortion-related specimens from northern, central, and southern milksheds during the 2.5-year period were 20.3%, 15.7%, and 13.1%, respectively, and 60% of submissions were from medium-sized (200-999 cows) dairies. Submissions consisted of fetus (58%), placenta (2%), fetus and placenta (12%), and fetus, placenta, and materna l blood (0.84%); fetal tissues and uterine fluid constituted the rest. An apparent pattern in abortion submissions was indicated by a peak in submissions during the winter and summer of 1988 and 1989. Infectious agents were associated with 37.1% of submissions; noninfectious causes, 5.5%, and undetermined etiology, 57.3%. Bacterial abortion accounted for 18% of etiologic diagnoses; protozoal, 14.6%; viral, 3.2%; and fungal, 1,3%. Submissions comprising fetus, placenta, maternal blood, or their combinations were associated with a higher likelihood of definitive diagnosis for abortion than tissues, as were fresher specimens and submissions associated with the second trimester of fetal gestation." JONES, G.E.; LOW, J.C.; MACHELL, J.; ARMSTRONG, K. "Comparison of five tests for the detection of antibodies against chlamydial (enzootic) abortion of ewes" "Veterinary Record","AUG 16 1997","141","7","164-168" "G.E. Jones/Moredun Res Inst/408 Gilmerton Rd/Edinburgh EH17 7JH/Midlothian, Scotland" "Five tests for antibodies against chlamydial (enzootic) abortion of ewes were compared using 255 sera from experimentally (group 1) or naturally (group 2) infected animals, flocks free of the disease (group 3) and individual animals testing positively by the complement fixation test but from flocks with no evidence of chlamydial abortion (group 4) Sera from five specific pathogen-free lambs vaccinated with two different subtypes of Chlamydia pecorum were also included (group 5), AU tests used some form of processed culture of C psittaci as antigen, Specificities, established with groups 3 and 4 sera, ranged between 96 per cent (ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigen) and 59 per cent (Immunocomb). Reactions with group 5 sera suggested that the cause of false positive results in the field might be cross-reactive antibodies against tile arthritogenic subtype of C pecorum. Sensitivities, Established with groups 1 and 2 sera, ranged between 81 per cent (Immunocomb) and 51 per cent (ELISA using solubilised protein antigen), The minimum sample sizes required to be 95 per cent certain of detecting at least five seropositives in two infected flocks (combined data) were 15 to 48, dependent on the test applied, The Western blot test, applied to a proportion of samples, yielded no false positives with group 3 sera bat 31.7 per cent with group 4 sera, Thus, none of the tests in this comparison emerged as sufficiently satisfactory in all respects, suggesting that further improvements in chlamydial serology must come through the use of non-native antigens or in the form of a competitive ELISA." 27 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

KAMOGAWA, O.; TOMITA, Y.; KANEKO, M.; YAMADA, S.; KUBO, M.; SHIMIZU, M. "Isolation of porcine respiratory coronavirusfrom pigs affected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome" "Journal of Veterinary Medical Science","APR 1996","58","4","385-388" "M. Shimizu/Natl Inst Anim Hlth/3-1-1 Kannondai/Tsukuba/Ibaraki 305, Japan" "Four cytopathogenic viruses were isolated in CPK cells derived from porcine kidneys from tonsils and lungs of 3 of 15 pigs affected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Physicochemically and morphologically, the isolates were similar to a coronavirus. The isolates were not distinguished from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) by a neutralizatio n test using polyclonal antibodies, but differentiated from TGEV by monoclonal antibodies capable of discriminating between TGEV and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), indicating that the isolates were PRCV. In a serological survey of 30 serum samples each collected from about 50 days old pigs in the 2 affected farms, 29 (97%) and 15 (50%) sera were positive for neutralizing antibody against the isolate with the titers ranging from 2 to 64, respectively." KASZANYITZKY, J.E.; BAJMOCY, E.; BACSADI, A.; MATIZ, K. "Observations on the abortion caused by leptospiras in domestic farm animals" "Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja","JUL 1997","119","7","415-419" "J.E. Kaszanyitzky/Debrecen Allat Egeszsegugyi Intezet/Bornemissza U 3-7/H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary" "Patho logical, bacteriological and histological investigations of 50 horse fetuses, 1141 bovine fetuses, 709 swine fetuses and 247 sheep fetuses have been carried out at the Mammalian Diagnostic Department of the Veterinary Institute of Debrecen during the past 7 years since 1990. Of them abortion caused by leptospiras was diagnosed by the histological investigation in 21 bovine and 41 swine fetuses (Table 1). Serological examination of the blood of dams served valuable data to clarify the etiology of abortions. Of the blood samples collected from 843 aborted cows, as well as from 644 aborted sows and investigated at the Bacteriological Department of the institute 210 and 16s samples were positive for one of the leptospira serotypes, respectively (Table 2).%To clarify the role of different serotypes in the damage caused in Hungarian cattle stocks, 23,867 blood samples were investigated for 12 leptospira strains which occurred also in Europe according to the literature data and caused diseases or seroconversion in cattle and might play a role in human diseases also (Tables 3 and 4). According to the data obtained, the Hungarian cattle stocks were most frequently infected by L.bardjo, L.grippotyphosa and L.pomona. The incidence of other serotypes was less frequent (Tables 5 and 6).%Considering that cattle is the main reservoir of L.bardjo, this serotype persists in cattle stocks for a long time, its high incidence is comprehensible. The role played of L.grippotyphosa and L.pomona in the infections of cattle stocks is essentially determined by the environmental factors and by the vicinity of most important natural hosts (rodents, pigs). I.e. the role of natural hosts - in case of leptospiras sensitive for the environmental effects - is important for maintaining the infections in different territories.%Laboratory investigations are needed to clarify the etiology of abortions caused by leptospiras. Owing to the frequent subclinical seroconversion, the serological investigation in itself is not enough to clarify their role. The pathological findings - due to the existing differences among serotypes, as well as depending on the time of infection and pathogenicity of the strain - can be variable. Only a positive histological finding can be consider pathognostic for leptospirosis. The negative histological findings do not exclude the role of leptospiras in an abortion.%Anamnestic data, as well as complex evaluation of the results of 28 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

laboratory investigations of the samples originating from the same place can be very useful to achieve an accurate diagnosis." LAGER, K.M.; HALBUR, P.G. "Gross and microscopic lesions in porcine fetuses infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus" "Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","JUL 1996","8","3","275-282" "K.M. Lager/USDA ARS/Natl Anim Dis Ctr/Virol Swine Res Unit/POB 70/Ames, IA 50010 USA" "Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)- induced reproductive failure in swine is difficult because of the rapid inactivation of virus in fetuses that have died prior to abortion or farrowing. In this report, we describe gross and microscopic lesions of diagnostic value found in fetuses transplacentally infected with PRRSV during late gestation. Seven sows free of PRRSV-specific antibody and 1 sow (#8) that had been previously infected with PRRSV were oronasally exposed to a PRRSV inoculum at or about 90 days of gestation (DG). One control sow (#9) was oronasally exposed to a sham inoculum at 90 DG. Sows were euthanized 21 days postexposure, and fetuses were tested for virus. Transplacental infection was detected in litters 1-7, and gross lesions of the umbilical cord were observed in some fetuses in 6 of the 7 litters. No transplacental infection or fetal lesions were found in litters 8 and 9. The gross lesions in the umbilical cords ranged from segmental hemorrhagic areas 1-2 cm in length to a full length involvement of the cord, which was grossly distended with frank hemorrhage. All live fetuses that had gross lesions in the umbilical cord were viremic, and histopathologic examination revealed a necrotizing umbilical arteritis with periarterial hemorrhage. This was the most consistent microscopic lesion in fetuses infected with PRRSV. Sows 1-7 had endometritis and myometritis of various degrees, suggesting PRRSV also may induce these lesions. Careful gross and microscopic examination of the umbilical cord may aid in the diagnosis of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure." LEHMANN, C.; ELZE, K. "Results of microbiological investigations of abortions in horses, cattle, pigs and sheep in Germany" "Tierarztliche Umschau","SEP 1 1997","52","9","495" "K. Elze/Univ Leipzig/Fak Vet Med/Ambulator & Geburtshilfl Tierklin/Margarete Blank Str 8/D-04103 Leipzig, Germany" "The results of microbiological investigations of abortions in horses, cattle, pig and sheep in North-west and Middle Thuringia (the former district of Erfurt, Germany) from 1983 to 1992 are described. These involved 12 602 cases in cattle, 1113 in pigs, 201 in sheep and 112 in horses. Bacteriological, virological and mycological methods were used. The following were the commonest organisms detected in bovine abortion material: Actinomyces pyogenes (980); E. coli (501); Streptococcus spp (215); Listeria monocytogenes (178), and Staphylococcus spp (122). In addition, Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from 7% of cases, bur Coxiella burnetii was detected in less than 1% of bovine abortions. Virological examinations, conducted after 1990, indicated that 10 to 20% of abortions were caused by BVD/MD virus. Depending on the year, 16.6 to 88.2% of bovine abortions were associated with chlamydia with other specific abortion agents being isolated infrequently. In equine abortions, chlamydia predominated and represented 18.7% of all micro-organisms isolated. EHV was detected in 10.7% of all equine abortions and other predominant agents included Streptococcus spp of Lancefield Group C. In abortion material from pigs, E. coli predominated (49.9%) followed 29 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

by Streptococcus spp (20%) and Staphylococcus spp (19.3%). Cell culture techniques revealed chlamydia in 30 to 50% of porcine abortions." LINDSAY, D.S.; BUTLER, J.M.; BLAGBURN, B.L. "Efficacy of decoquinate against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cell cultures" "Veterinary Parasitology","JAN 1997","68","1-2","35-40" "D.S. Lindsay/Auburn Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Pathobiol/166 Greene Hall/Auburn, AL 36849 USA" "Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle in the United States and other countries. Abortions and neonatal mortality also occur in other ruminant species. Decoquinate is an anticoccidial that is approved for use in cattle and goats in the United States. We studied the efficacy of decoquinate against tachyzoites of N. caninum in a 5-day of treatment, cell culture flask lesion-based assay. Decoquinate killed tachyzoites at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 mu g ml(-1). Decoquinate had little measurable effect on extracellular tachyzoites. Decoquinate acted quickly to kill intracellular stages at coccidiocidal concentrations; tachyzoites were killed within 5 min at 0.1 mu g ml(-1) decoquinate." MADIC, J.; HAJSIG, D.; SOSTARIC, B.; CURIC, S.; SEOL, B.;NAGLIC, T.; CVETNIC, Z. "An outbreak of abortion in mares associated with Salmonella abortus equi infection" "Equine Veterinary Journal","MAY 1997","29","3","230-233" "J. Madic/Univ Zagreb/Fac Vet/Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis/Heinzelova 55/Zagreb 10000, Croatia" "An abortion outbreak occurred in a herd of 38 horses, 26 of which were pregnant mares. Twenty-one mares aborted between 5-10 months of gestatio n. In no case were there indications of impending abortion. Pathoanatomical, histopathological, virological and bacteriological examinations were carried out on 4 aborted fetuses. Histopathology identified Gram- negative bacteria compatible with salmonella in all 4 placentae. By subsequent bacteriological examination Salmonella abortusequi was isolated as the single causative agent in each case. Nonmotile Salmonella abortusequi with antigenic formula 4,12:- :- was isolated from one of the 4 fetuses. The described episode of equine abortion clearly indicates that Salmonella abortusequi has not been eradicated from Europe as previously thought." MASRI, S.A.; OLSON, W.; NGUYEN, P.T.; PRINS, S.; DEREGT, D. "Rapid detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in the semen of infected bulls by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay" "Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research - Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire","APR 1996","60","2","100-107" "S.A. Masri/Agr & Agri Food Canada/Anim Dis Res Inst/Lethbridge/Ab T1J 3Z4, Canada" "A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in bovine semen and compared with the virus isolation method. When extended semen, commonly used in the bovine artificial insemination indus try, was inoculated with BHV-1, the PCR assay detected BHV-1 DNA in semen inoculated at 0.25-2.5 TCID50 per 0.5 mL. In contrast, the lower limit of detection for virus isolation was 250 TCID50 of BHV-1 inoculated in 0.5 mL of extended semen. These methods were also used to detect BHV-1 in the semen of four bulls which were experimentally infected with BHV-1. All infected bulls demonstrated balanitis at 3 d post-inoculation (DPI) and severe balanoposthitis at 4 DPI. BHV-1 was detected in raw semen by virus isolation and PCR at 2 DPI, before balanitis was evident. For virus isolation, the last day that BHV-1 was detected 30 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

during primary infection was 7 DPI for two bulls and 9 and 11 DPI for the other two bulls. In contrast, PCR detected BHV-1 in the bulls' semen until 14 or 18 DPI. For individual animals, PCR detected BHV-1 during primary infection for at least 1-10 d longer than virus isolation. Reactivation of BHV-1 from latency without the presence of visible lesions was promoted twice by two series of 5 d dexamethasone injections. For the first series of dexamethasone treatments, a positive virus isolation result was obtained on the 5th d of treatment for only one bull. In contrast, two bulls demonstrated evidence of viral reactivation on this day by PCR. All bulls shed BHV-1 in semen on d 4 after dexamethasone treatment, as evidenced by positive virus isolation and PCR results. One bull was still PCR positive 13 d later. For the second series of dexamethasone treatments, a small amount of virus was isolated from semen collected on d 3 or 4 after treatment for two bulls but not from the other two bulls. In contrast, semen samples from all bulls were PCR positive for either or both of these 2 d. In total, from 80 semen samples, 45 were PCR positive and 26 were virus isolation positive. Thus, the PCR assay detected BHV-1 shedding in bulls earlier, more often, and for a longer duration, than did the virus isolation method.","Canadian Vet Med Assn/339 Booth St/Attn: Kimberely Alle/Ottawa on K1R 7K1/Canada" MCALLISTER, M.M.; HUFFMAN, E.M.; HIETALA, S.K.; CONRAD, P.A.; ANDERSON, M.L.; SALMAN, M.D. "Evidence suggesting a point source exposure in an outbreak of bovine abortion due to neosporosis" "Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","JUL 1996","8","3","355-357" "M.M. Mcallister/Univ Wyoming/Wyoming State Vet Lab/1174 Snowy Range Rd/Laramie, WY 82070 USA" "A Holstein dairy farm suffered an abortion outbreak due to neosporosis. Abortion losses were > 18%. Cows with the highest Neospora antibody titers were at the greatest risk of aborting. Mummified fetuses were found after the 43rd day of the outbreak. The epidemic curve was suggestive of a point source exposure, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Neospora can be spread by a definitive host." MEDVECZKY, I. "Comprehensive review on the recent knowledge of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)" "Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja","JUN 1996","51","6","367-371" "I. Medveczky/Aote/Jarvanytani & Mikrobiol Tanszek/Hungaria Krt 23/H-1143 Budapest, Hungary" "A comprehensive review has been given on the recent scientific results (causative agent, pathogenesis, epizootiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, control) of PRRS, a diseases endangering also the Hungarian pig population. Clinical features and economical losses have been detailed in Tables which characterized the PRRS infections observed by Danish SPF farms with mild clinical symptoms. Of the symptoms observed by the Danish farmers, agalactia (64%) and drastic increase of the number of stillbirths (56%) were the most characteristics at the beginning of the infection on the 40 SPF farms investigated (Table 1). Table 2 gives information about the number of piglets born alive and dead pro litter, as well as about the number of losses observed on Danish SPF farms. Losses in finishing units originated mainly from the decrease of daily weight gain (26 g/day) and from the increased feed conversion (0.4 FEs/kg, Table 3). Production indices of the infected farms reached the original levels 26 weeks after the outbreaks, on an average.%The review has been based on the information of the lectures held on the Expert Course organized by the Federation of 31 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses and 2nd International Symposium on PRRS (Copenhagen, 1995). Hungary is still free of the diseases at the time of receiving the article (January, 1996). PRRS is a reportable disease since 1996." MENGELING, W.L.; VORWALD, A.C.; LAGER, K.M.; BROCKMEIER, S.L. "Comparison among strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for their ability to cause reproductive failure" "American Journal of Veterinary Research","JUN 1996","57","6","834-839" "W.L. Mengeling/USDA ARS/Natl Anim Dis Ctr/Virol Swine Res Unit/POB 70/2300 Dayton Ave/Ames, IA 50010 USA" "Objective-To compare the virulence of selected strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) relative to reproductive performance of pregnant gilts.%Design-16 pregnant gilts (principals) were exposed oronasally to 4 strains (vaccine strain RespPRRS, field strains VR-2385, VR-2431, and NADC-8, 4 gilts/strain) of PRRSV on or about day 90 of gestation. 4 pregnant gilts (controls) were kept under similar conditions, except for exposure to PRRSV. Samples and specimens obtained from gilts, pigs (before ingestion of colostrum), and fetuses were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody.%Animals-20 pregnant gilts.%Procedure-The virulence of each strain of PRRSV was evaluated mainly on the clinical status of the corresponding litters at farrowing.%Results-Most gilts remained clinically normal throughout the study and farrowed normally at or near the expected farrowing time. All virus strains crossed the placenta of principal gilts to infect fetuses in utero. The number of late-term dead fetuses (which appeared to be the best measure of relative virulence) ranged from 0 for litters of control gilts and gilts exposed to strain RespPRRS, to 38 for gilts exposed to strain NADC-8. Ail principal gilts became viremic and developed antibody against PRRSV, Ail strains persisted in alveolar macrophages of at least some principal gilts for at least 7 weeks after exposure;%Conclusion-Strains of PRRSV vary in virulence.%Clinical Relevance-The effects of PRRSV on reproductive performance are strain dependent and this should be considered in making a tentative diagnosis on the basis of clinical observations." OLSEN, S.C.; EVANS, D.; HENNAGER, S.G.; CHEVILLE, N.F.; STEVENS, M.G. "Serologic responses of Brucella abortus strain 19 calfhood-vaccinated cattle following adult vaccination with strain RB51" "Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","OCT 1996","8","4","451-454" "S.C. Olsen/Agr Res Serv/USDA/Natl Anim Dis Ctr/Ames, IA 50010 USA" "This study was designed to determine if Brucella abortus strain RB51, which expresses small amounts of the lipopolysaccharide O side chain, would cause positive responses on brucellosis serologic surveillance tests when given to adult cattle that were vaccinated as calves with B. abortus strain 19. Cattle vaccinated as adults with strain RB51 that had been vaccinated as calves with strain 19 (n = 40) had significantly greater antibody titers (P < 0.05) against strain RB51 at 4 and 8 weeks postvaccination in the dot blot assay than did animals (n = 10) not vaccinated with strain RB51. When evaluated using the card or buffered acid plate agglutination presumptive tests, 7 strain RB51 vaccinates tested positive at either 4 or 8 weeks following vaccination as compared with 4 cattle in the control group that were not vaccinated with strain RB51. One strain RB51 vaccinate was scored as suspect on the standard tube agglutination (STA) test at 8 weeks following vaccination. Remaining samples from strain RB51 vaccinates tested negative on the STA, complement fixation (CF), rivanol, and particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) confirmatory tests. Samples from 2 control cattle were PCFIA positive at time 0; 1 of these animals was CF 32 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

positive throughout the study. This study suggests that use of strain RB51 in cattle vaccina ted with strain 19 as calves will not cause positive responses on confirmatory tests and will not impair brucellosis serologic surveillance efforts." PALMER, M.V.; CHEVILLE, N.F.; JENSEN, A.E. "Experimental infection of pregnant cattle with the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RB51: Pathologic, bacteriologic, and serologic findings" "Veterinary Pathology","NOV 1996","33","6","682-691" "M.V. Palmer/USDA ARS/Natl Anim Dis Ctr/Brucellosis Res Unit/2300 Dayton Ave/Ames, IA 50010 USA" "To determine the placental tropism and abortigenicity of the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51), a rough mutant of the virulent strain 2308, ten Polled Hereford heifers were inoculated intravenously in the 6th month of gestation. Heifers were euthanatized and examined at postinoculation week (PIW) 8 (n = 5) or at full term (n = 5). Four of five infected heifers sampled at PIW 8 and three of four infected heifers at term had placentitis, whereas reproductive tissues of three normal cows used for comparison had no placentitis. Numerous macrophages, immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen, as well as neutrophils, fibrin, and cell debris filled the arcade zone between chorion and maternal septae. Trophoblastic epithelium of the placentomal arcade zone had intracellular bacteria that were immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen. The tips of maternal septa had a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with small multifocal erosions and ulcerations of maternal epithelium. SRB51 was cultured from all tissues in which lesions were seen. Placentae of one cow from each group had no placentitis and contained no SRB51. In mammae, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and suppurative infiltrates within alveoli and intralobular ductules were seen in two of five heifers at PIW 8. SRB51 was cultured from liver, spleen, lung, and bronchial lymph nodes in four of five calves at PIW 8 and three of four full;term calves, but no lesions were seen. One near-term heifer had disseminated infection, placentitis, and lymphoplasmacytic endometritis, and delivered a premature weak calf. These results establish that SRB51 is less abortifacient than previously published reports with strain 19, in that only one of four heifers delivered prematurely following intravenous inoculation with SRB51, whereas intravenous inoculation with strain 19 leads to 100% abortion. However, it also shows that SRB51 can infect the bovine placenta, mammary gland, and fetus, can induce placentitis, and, in some cases, can lead to preterm expulsion of the fetus." PALMER, M.V.; OLSEN, S.C.; CHEVILLE, N.F. "Safety and immunogenicity of Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in pregnant cattle" "American Journal of Veterinary Research","MAY 1997","58","5","472-477" "M.V. Palmer/USDA ARS/Natl Anim Dis Ctr/Zoonot Dis Res Unit/POB 70/Ames, IA 50010 USA" "Objective-To determine the safety and immunogenicity of Brucella abortus strain RB51 as a vaccine in pregnant cattle.%Animals-12 Polled Hereford heifers obtained from a brucellosis- free herd and bred on site at 16 months of age to a brucellosis-free bull.%Procedure-Pregnant heifers were vaccinated at 6 months' gestation with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51 (n = 5), 3 x 10(8) colony- forming units of B abortus strain 19 (n = 5), or sterile pyrogen- free saline solution (n = 2). Samples were periodically collected for serologic testing and lymphocyte blastogenesis assays. At full gestation, heifers were euthanatized and specimens were collected for bacteriologic culture, histologic analysis, and lymphocyte blastogenesis assay, using various antigenic 33 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

stimuli.%Results-None of the strain RB51- or strain 19-vaccinates aborted or had gross or microscopic lesions at necropsy that were consistent with brucellosis. Maternal blood mononuclear cells from strain RB51- and strain 19-vaccinates had proliferative responses to gamma- irradiated strain RB51 and strain 19 that were greater than responses by cells from nonvaccinated controls. In contrast, maternal superficial cervical lymph node cells from strain 19-vaccinates had proliferative responses to gamma- irradiated strain RB51 or strain 19 bacteria greater than those of cells from RB51-vaccinates and nonvaccinated controls. None of the heifers vaccinated with strain RB51 developed antibodies detected by use of the standard tube agglutination test, but all developed antibodies to strain RB51 that reacted in a dot ELISA, using irradiated strain RB51 as antigen. %Conclusions-Pregnant cattle can be safely vaccinated with strain RB51 without subsequent abortion or placentitis. Furthermore, strain RB51 is immunogenic in pregnant cattle, resulting in humoral and cell- mediated immune responses, but does not interfere with serologic diagnosis of field infections." PAPP, J.R.; SHEWEN, P.E.; THORN, C.E.; ANDERSEN, A.A. "Immunocytologic detection of Chlamydia psittaci from cervical and vaginal samples of chronically infected ewes" "Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research - Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire","JAN 1998","62","1","72-74" "J.R. Papp/Univ Guelph/Ontario Vet Coll/Dept Pathobiol/Guelph/on N1G 2W1, Canada" "An immunocytologic method was developed for the detection of chronic Chlamydia psittaci infection from the reproductive tract of ewes. Vaginal and cervical samples from 8 infected and 2 non- infected ewes were stained with a C. psittaci-specific monoclonal antibody. Cells containing C. psittaci were only detected from the 8 infected ewes and the level of detection varied with respect to the estrus cycle. An increased number of infected cells were observed during the periovulation period, thus indicating an optimal window for detection." POUILLOT, R.; GARINBASTUJI, B.; GERBIER, G.; COCHE, Y.; CAU, C.; DUFOUR, B.; MOUTOU, F. "The Brucellin skin test as a tool to discriminate false positive serological reactions in bovine brucellosis" "Veterinary Research","JUL-AUG 1997","28","4","365-374" "B. Garinbastuji/Lab Reference Oie Brucellose/BP 67/F-94703 Maisons Alfort, France" "Three experiments were performed in order to assess the diagnostic value of the Brucellin allergic skin test (AST) in a brucellosis false positive serological reactions (FPSR) context. First, 1 259 cattle from 20 Brucella- free herds in a FPSR area were tested twice with AST to estimate its specificity. Secondly, AST and serological tests (complement fixation test [CFT], tube agglutination test, dithiothreitol- microagglutination test and ELISA) sensitivities were evaluated on 111 cattle positive to the Rose Bengal test (RBT) belonging to 15 Brucella- infected herds. Thirdly, AST was used in a field trial to discriminate FPSR from true brucellosis reactions. AST specificity in non-vaccinated cattle was very high (99.83%; confidence interval 95% [CI95%]: 99.67-99.96%). Skin thickening 72 h post- injection was significantly higher on vaccinated cattle (1.42 vs 0.15 mm). In this sub-population, AST specificity decreased significantly to 78% (CI95%: 68-87%). Individual sensitivity of AST relative to Rose Bengal test was 64% (CI95%: 54-72%), while all infected herds were AST positive (n = 15). When associated with CFT, it detected 95% (CI95%: 90-98%) of the infected cattle. These results were consistent with the field trial. In a FPSR context, AST was 34 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

more specific than RBT or CFT. Therefore, this test could be used at herd level as a confirmation test, on cattle non vaccinated against brucellosis." REICHEL, M.P.; DRAKE, J.M. "The diagnosis of Neospora abortions in cattle" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","AUG 1996","44","4","151-154" "M.P. Reichel/Maf Qual Management/Cent Anim Hlth Lab/POB 40063/Lower Hutt, New Zealand" "An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific anti-Neospora antibodies in bovine sera and foetal fluids were compared with histological examination results on aborted foetal material. The agreement between serological and histological examination results was poor, while the two serological tests showed a high degree of agreement. Serological testing of diagnostic serum samples and foetal fluids suggests that the prevalence of anti-Neospora antibodies in cattle which recently aborted is around 40%, in line with previous estimates of the number of abortions in dairy cattle caused by Neospora sp. A sero-epidemiological approach to the diagnosis of Neospora abortions in cattle may be suggested from these data." SCHARES, G.; PETERS, M.; WURM, R.; TACKMANN, K.; HENNING, K.; CONRATHS, F.J. "Neospora caninum causes abortions in a cattle herd in North Rhine Westphalia" "Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift","JUN 1997","104","6","208-212" "G. Schares/Bundesforsch Anstalt/Viruskrankheiten Tiere/Inst Epidemiol Diagnost/Seestr 55/D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany" "In a cattle herd in North Rhine-Westphalia a series of eight abortions occurred between 15th August and 14th October, 1996. Four of the aborted fetuses were histopathologically, virologically, bacteriologically and parasitologically examined. A multifocal necrotising encephalitis was observed in two fetuses. In addition, the liver of two fetuses and the placenta of one fetus contained infected foci. In three fetuses protozoan stages were detected which were identified as N. caninum by immunohistochemistry. A polymerase chain reaction conducted with histological material revealed N. caninum- DNA in the placenta of an aborted fetus. When seven cows that had aborted were tested for antibodies directed against N. caninum, six animals were positive by immunofluorescence and all seven by immunoblotting. The serological examination of the entire herd revealed a high herd seroprevalence of antibodies directed against N. caninum. Potential modes of infection with N. caninum in the herd are discussed, in particular the possibility of exposure to a point source (definitive host)." SMITH, K.C. "Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals" "Veterinary Journal" "MAY 1997","153","3","253-268" "K.C. Smith/Anim Hlth Trust/Ctr Prevent Med/POB 5/Newmarket CB8 7DW/Suffolk, England" "Abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. The alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus EHV-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. In cattle, the alpha- herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all been implicated as causes of abortion. In 35 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

pigs, suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1: pseudorabies virus), an alpha-herpesvirus, and SHV-2 (porcine cytomegalovirus), a beta- herpesvirus, each cause abortion or neonatal piglet losses. Caprine herpesvirus-1, canine herpesvirus and feline herpesvirus-1, all alpha-herpesviruses, cause abortions or neonatal deaths in goats, dogs and cats, respectively. This review discusses the pathogenesis, pathology and laboratory diagnosis of these herpesviral abortions and neonatal disease, with an emphasis on experimental studies of each disease. Alternative reviews covering other aspects of each infection, such as the genetic and antigenic structure of the viruses, host immune responses and approaches to vaccination and disease control are indicated at appropriate points in the test." SMITH, K.C.; MCGLADDERY, A.J.; BINNS, M.M.; MUMFORD, J.A. "Use of transabdominal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis for detection of equid herpesvirus 1-induced fetal infection in utero" "American Journal of Veterinary Research","SEP 1997","58","9","997-1002" "K.C. Smith/Anim Hlth Trust/Ctr Prevent Med/POB 5/Newmarket CB8 7DW/Suffolk, England" "Objective-To evaluate transabdominal ultrasound- guided amniocentesis for detection of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV- l)-induced fetal infection in utero.%Animals-4 Welsh Mountain mares.%Procedure-Pregnant mares were inoculated intranasally with EHV-1 during the ninth month of gestation. Amniocentesis was initiated on postinoculation day (PID) 12, and was performed at 2- to 3-day intervals in standing mares under deep sedation. Amniotic fluid samples were tested by virus isolation (VI), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunoperoxidase cytologic examination (IC) for detection of EHV-1.%Results-Exposure to EHV-1 in the ninth month of gestation resulted in nasal shedding of infective virus, establishment of cell-associated viremia, and seroconversion. Eq uid herpesvirus 1 was detected by VI, PCR, and IC in amniotic fluid collected on PID 14 from 1 mare and on PID 16 and 17 from a second mare. Specimens of amniotic fluid from a third mare were VI negative until PID 18, when collections ceased, although this mare subsequently aborted an EHV- l-infected fetus on PID 28. The fourth mare aborted an EHV-1 infected fetus on PID 14. The 2 mares with VI-positive amniotic fluid were each carrying an EHV-1 infected fetus in utero, confirmed by examination of the uterus, placenta, and fetus, using specific immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Endothelial cells in the endometrium and allantochorion were often virus- infected, with accompanying vascular lesions. The fetus had been infected via the chorionic vasculature in the first and fourth mares, and by inhalation of infected amniotic fluid in the second mare.%Conclusion-Amniocentesis permits specific detection of EHV- l- induced fetal infection in utero.%Clinical Relevance-Amniocentesis may have a clinical role in the specific identification and isolation of mares carrying virus- infected fetuses during EHV-1-induced abortion epizootics." STING, R. "Chlamydia psittaci infection in cows and ewes in northern Baden-Wurttemberg" "Tierarztliche Umschau","JUN 1 1997","52","6","332" R. Sting/Azenbergstr 16/D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany" "The excretion of Chlamydia psittaci by cows and ewes in herds and flocks experiencing fertility problems was studied to elucidate the potential sources of infection for the transmission of this pathogen. The prevalence of infection in cows, as determined by testing of samples of genital swabs, placentae andfetuses, using the capture ELISA was 37% with 73% of the herds infected The corresponding values for ewes and flocks were 71% and 87%, respectively. The complement fixation test (CFT) on sera revealed an 8% prevalence 36 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

and the ELISA a 40% prevalence of the cows sampled, and herd prevalences of 45% and 91%, respectively. Serological examinations of ewes revealed a prevalence of 22%, using the CFT, and 64% using the ELISA, with flock prevalences of 74% and 91%, respectively. The zoonotic significance of C. psittaci is discussed. TAKIKAWA, N.; KOBAYASHI, S.; IDE, S.; YAMANE, Y.; TANAKA, Y.; HIGASHIHARA, M.; YAMAGISHI, H. "Early serodiagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of pigs by detection of slow-reacting and complement -requiring neutralizing antibody" "Journal of Veterinary Medical Science","JAN 1997","59","1","31-34" "N. Takikawa/Kitasato Inst/Res Ctr Vet Sci/111/Arai 6 Chome/Kaitamotoshi/Saitama 364, Japan" "In order to evaluate and enhance the sensitivity of the neutralization (NT) test for detecting antibody in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, the effect of altered incubation conditions and complement use on neutralizing (NT) antibody titer were investigated. Higher NT antibody titers were consistently obtained by addition of 20% guinea pig fresh serum to virus-serum mixtures in NT tests. Furthermore, the comp lement-requiring NT antibody titer increased in many serum samples when the virus-serum mixtures, rather than being incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min, were incubated first at 4 degrees C for 48 hr and then with a complement at 37 degrees C for 60 min. The slow-reacting and complement-requiring NT antibody was detected as early as 8 days post-inoculation. It was detected in sera collected at 8 to 28 days post- inoculation and was sensitive to 2- mercaptoethanol treatment. Sera collected at 35 to 44 days post-inoculation contained 2- mercaptoethanol resistant NT antibodies. These results indicate that the modified NT test is useful for early serodiagnosis of PRRS virus infection through detection of higher NT antibody titers, and in detecting them earlier." THOMA, R.; GUSCETTI, F.; SCHILLER, I.;SCHMEER, N.;CORBOZ, L.;POSPISCHIL, A. "Chlamydiae in porcine abortion" "Veterinary Pathology","SEP 1997","34","5","467-469" "A.Pospischil/Univ Zurich/Inst Vet Pathol/Winterthurerstr 268/CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland" "Formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal livers and lungs from 139 cases of swine abortion were investigated retrospectively for chlamydiae by means of immunohistochemistry. Using a genus-specific antibody, chlamydial antigen was found in eight livers obtained from five (3.6%) abortion cases from different herds. All lung sections were negative. Chlamydiae were also labeled in five of the eight positive livers using a monoclonal antibody against immunotype 1 of Chlamydia psittaci; the remaining three livers were negative. No reactivity was seen using an antibody specific for C. trachomatis. Chlamydiae should be considered a cause of abortion in sows in Switzerland. Porcine abortigenic strains identified in this study differed immunologically from intestinal strains (known to be mainly C. trachomatis) but shared similarities with abortigenic chlamydiae of ruminants." VEZNIK, Z.; KUMMER, V.; CANDERLE, J.; MASKOVA, J.; SVECOVA, D.; POSPISIL, L.; DIBLIKOVA, I.; ZRALY, Z. "Role of Chlamydia sp in inflammatory conditions of the birth canal of cows" "Veterinarni Medicina","OCT 1996","41","10","297-304" "Z. Veznik/Vet Res Inst/Hudcova 70/Brno 62132, Czech Republic" 37 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

"Clinical findings in cows of seven farms with a frequent occurrence of birth canal inflammations were matched against results of serological and direct immunofluorescence tests for Chlamydia sp. infection. Normal clinical picture, weak to moderate and serious inflammations were found in 16.1%, 46.7% and 37.2% of the 205 examined cows, respectively. The results of micro CFT were negative in 32.7% and titres 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 20, and 1 : greater than or equal to 40 were found in 8.7%, 38.0%, 12.3%, and 8.3%, respectively. Direct immunofluorescence test of cervical swabs, using the Progen Biotechnic GmbH set, was negative in 29.1% and clearly positive in 34.7% of the tested cows. The rest was animals in which sporadic elementary bodies were seen. The significance of the findings is discussed and the necessity to test Chlamydia infections in herds affected by frequent and/or chronic inflammations of genital organs is stressed. Evidence of the transmission of Chlamydia infection by contaminated semen is presented." WEBER, A.; ROTH, M.; EWRINGMANN, T.; KELLER, B. "Abortion in cattle - microbiological findings" "Praktische Tierarzt","AUG 1 1997","78","8","661" "A.Weber/Landesuntersuchungsamt Gesundheitswesen/Heimerichstr 31/D-90419 Nurnberg, Germany" "Bacteria are still the most frequent cause for infectious abortions in cattle. In this connection is described the present significance of Brucella ssp., Campylobacter ssp., Actinomyces pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia psittaci, Salmonella ssp., Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Mycobacterium ssp. Further the difficulties of the isolation of BVD-and IBR-virus as infectious cause of bovine abortion are mentioned. In addition a report ist given for the significance of mould fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and Mortierella wolfii as well as the parasites Tritrichomonas foetus and Neospora caninum as cause of bovine abortion." WEBBER, J.J.; PRITCHARD, D.H.; GORDON, L.M.; DEAN, H.F. "Isolation of bacteria resembling Histophilus ovis from cattle" "Australian-Veterinary-Journal. 1983, 60: 9, 276; 14 ref." "Dep. Agric., Reg. Vet. Lab., PO Box 406, Hamilton, Victoria 3300, Australia." "Although both H. ovis and Haemophilus somnus are significant pathogens of domestic animals, these names are not valid. H. somnus has not been reported from Australia, but H. ovis has been isolated frequently from cases of septicaemia, synovitis, abscessation, perinatal death, meningitis, mastitis and suppurative epididymitis in sheep over the past 10 years. In addition, an organism resembling H. ovis morphologically and biochemically has been isolated from cattle with vaginitis (14 herds), puerperal endometritis (3 herds), infertility (more than 10 herds) and sporadically from cases of pneumonia, abortion and haematuria since 1978. Two calves were inoculated with an isolate of this organism from a case of bovine endometritis into the cisterna magna through the atlanto-occipital joint. Both developed clinical signs and lesions similar to those described in H. somnus- induced thrombo-embolic meningoencephalitis, and the organism was recovered in pure culture from the CNS and spinal cord of both calves, also from blood and stifle synovial fluid of one calf and liver of the second." WOUDA, W.; MOEN, A.R.; VISSER, I.J.R.; VANKNAPEN, F. "Bovine fetal neosporosis: A comparison of epizootic and sporadic abortion cases and different age classes with regard to lesion severity and immunohistochemical identification of organisms in brain, heart, and liver" 38 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","APR 1997","9","2","180-185" "W. Wouda/Anim Hlth Serv/Drachten, Netherlands" "Eighty bovine fetuses with confirmed neosporosis were used to score lesion severity and presence of parasites in brain, heart, and liver. A comparison was made between epizootic and sporadic abortion cases. The possible influence of fetal age was also investigated. Histologic lesions of multifocal encephalitis, myocarditis, and periportal hepatitis with or without focal hepatocellular necrosis were almost always observed. Neospora caninum tachyzoites were identified immunohistochemically in 85% of the brains, 14% of the hearts, and 26% of the livers. Tissue cysts were observed in 21% of the brains. Significant differences between epizootic and sporadic abortion cases were found only in the liver. Hepatic lesions were more prominent and N. caninum tachyzoites were observed more frequently and in higher numbers in epizootic cases. Examination by immunohistochemistry of the liver in addition to the brain can be highly contributive diagnostically, particularly in epizootic cases. There were no significant age-related differences except for a higher presence of tachyzoites in the hearts of younger fetuses (3-4 months gestational age)." ZAMBRANO, A.J.; VILLAVA, F.M.; SCHURIG, G.G.; CHERWONOGRODZKY, J.W. "Preliminary results for the vaccination of pregnant cattle with Brucella abortus strain 19 or B. abortus RB51" "Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria"," 1995","27"," Sp. Iss.","119-123" "A.J. Zambrano/Inst NaCl Hig & Med Trop/Leopoldo Izquita Perez/Labs Vet/Ave Amer/C 5584/Guayaquil, Ecuador" "As cattle are the most susceptible to Brucella abortus infections when these animals are pregnant, a study was done to compare the effects of vaccine strains 19 and RB51. Three cows served as controls, six received 4x10(7) strain 19 subcutaneously into the neck and six received 5x10(7) strain RB51 by the same route. Although one of the controls aborted, this was subsequently found to be due to a Staphylococcus aureus infection. The pregnant cattle, that were vaccinated with strain 19, showed sero-conversion and one cow aborted with B. abortus S19 isolated from the fetus. Pregnant cattle that received B. abortus RB51 neither showed any sere-conversion nor any abortions."

CAPITULO VI NUTRICIÓN e INFERTILIDAD COSGROVE, J.R.; FOXCROFT, G.R. "Nutrition and reproduction in the pig: Ovarian aetiology" "Animal Reproduction Science","APR 1996","42","1-4","131-141" "J.R. Cosgrove/Alberta Swine Genet Corp/Box 3310/Leduc/Ab T9E 6M1, Canada" "All mammalian reproductive processes will ultimately be determined by nutrient availability, from gametogenesis to lactation, The modem production gilt and sow, selected for lean growth rate and optimal milk production over an abbreviated lactation, represent extreme models in which to investigate interactions between the demands of somatic growth and reproduction, The focus of this review is nutritional modulation of the porcine gonad and, more specifically, the ovary, rather than the entire hypothalamo-hypophysial- gonadal axis. The influences and mechanisms of action of metabolic hormones and growth factors of both 39 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

extra- and intra-ovarian origin are considered, Additionally, regulation of circulating gonadal steroids by nutrition and the consequent implications for gonadotrophin secretion and embryo mortality are discussed." FEKETE, S.; HUSZENICZA, G. "Relations between feeding and reproduction. Review article" "Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja","JUL 1996","51","7","413-420" "S. Fekete/Aote/Takarmanyozastani Tanszek/Rottenbiller U 50/H-1077 Budapest, Hungary" "Long- lasting effect of feeding (first of all the energy and protein supply) has been reviewed on the reproduction of male and female animals. Energy deficiency does not harm permanently the embryonic development of primordial germ cells. However even a slight feed deficiency in ewe during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy or during the lactation period can worsen the future ovulation rate of lambs. Questions of nutriment supply and sexual maturation have been treated in case of both sexes. Thereafter the effect of feed doses on the number of ovulated eggs has been reviewed. Hormonal bases of flushing effect has also been treated. Fertility rate and survival of embryos determine the realization of the potential of ovulated eggs. Incorporation rate of different nutriments int the embryos has also been treated. Energy deficiency together with protein deficiency in highly pregnant dams diminish most firmly the body- mass of offsprings to be born. %System of lobulo-alveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland of ruminants develops mainly during th pregnancy. The undernutrition not only diminishes the quantity of colostrum but the start of milk production is also retarded. Nutriment supply has a significant effect on the length of period between birth and refertilization. In this case, the restart of ovarian functio n is the key factor. Although deficiency of certain mineral matters (P, Mn,I) may also cause anoestrus, in most of practical cases disturbances of energy and protein supply cause the most problems.%Hormonal changes in the background of the above mentioned processes have also been evaluated. Finally, the most important future research areas of the topic have been prognosticated." GIRARD, C.L. "B-complex vitamins for dairy cows: A new approach" "Canadian Journal of Animal Science","1998","78","","71-90" "Girard C.L./Agr & Agroalimentaire Canada/Ctr Rech & Dev Bovin Laitier & Porc/CP 90/Lennoxville/PQ J1M 1Z3/CANADA" "It is generally accepted that ruminant requirements for B-complex vitamins are fulfilled by the synthesis of these vitamins by ruminal microflora. Most of the studies on this topic were conducted during 1940-1950. These works demonstrated that, even when ruminants are fed a B-complex vitamin- free diet, the synthesis of these vitamins by the ruminal microflora was sufficient to avoid deficiency symptoms if the rumen is welldeveloped and functional. These works led to the conclusion that dairy cow requirements for B-complex vitamins are the minimal quantity to be fed to avoid deficiency symptoms. However, in a context of maximisation of the effects of nutrition on dairy cow health and performances, the criteria used to define the requirements need to reviewed. As for the major nutrients, requirements for B-complex vitamins need to be studied, not on the point of view of deficiency, but rather in rela tion with an optimisation of cow health, performances and the quality of the product. Only some of the B-complex vitamins, biotin, nicotinic acid, folic acid and vitamin B-12, have been studied in that purpose, they will be discussed in the present talk.", "","0008-3984","Agr Inst Canada/Suite 907/151 Slater St/Ottawa on K1P 5H4/Canada"

40 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

ROBINSON, J.J. "Nutrition and reproduction" "Animal Reproduction Science" - "APR 1996","42","1 -4","25-34" "J.J. Robinson/Scottish Agr Coll/Ferguson Bldg/Craibstone Estate/Aberdeen AB21 9YA, Scotland" "Through their influence on embryonic and early fetal development dietary nutrients affect the size, vigour and viability of the newborn and, in the case of SHEEP, adult ovulation rates. Nutritional regimens that impair post- natal growth reduce ovarian follicular development and delay puberty but have little, if any, effect on either N-methyl- D-aspartate stimulated GnRH release or the pituitary content of gonadotrophins. Nutritional effects on ovulation rate in ewes are not always accompanied by shifts in circulating FSH concentrations. Instead they may operate through altered ovarian hormone feedback mechanisms that influence the duration of exposure of the gonadotrophin-dependent follicles to FSH or through threshold-reducing actions of specific nutrients and dietary- induced metabolites on the amount of FSH needed to support the gonadotrophin-dependent follicles. Recent results suggest that the enhanced faecal excretion of oestradiol by well- fed ewes may increase ovulation rate by reducing ovarian oestradiol feedback.%In the post-partum period, the key hypothalamic and pituitary secretions for successful ovulation develop normally despite undernutrition but ovulation is prevented by failure of GnRH release with, in the case of suckler beef COWS, a delay in oestrus arising from the repeated developmen and atresia of dominant ovarian follicles. This affect is accentuated in cows that are in poor body condition at calving. Alleviating the energy deficits of high- yielding dairy cows in early lactation by giving supplements of dietary fat can reduce the interval to first oestrus but subsequent fertility can be impaired. Loss of body protein delays oestrous cyclicity; paradoxically attempts to coned this loss in ruminants by feeding diets high in rumen undegradable protein can stimulate body fat mobilization and milk production with detrimental effects on rebreeding. Excess rumen degradable protein and high feeding levels reduce embryo survival, the latter by suppressing circulating progesterone concentrations. In superovulated ewes diet- induced reductions in progesterone concentrations during oocyte maturation can impart a legacy of developmental retardation leading to decreased embryo survival. In late pregnancy, undernutrition decreases uterine blood flow, fetal insulin and IGF-I concentrations and impairs growth and development. In the newborn, low insulin and a low selenium and iodine status inhibit thermogenesis from brown adipose tissue. Insulin may also be important in conveying info rmation on nutritional status to the GnRH neurones thereby initiating the cascade of events that is required for successful reproduction in both sexes." SEJRSEN, K.; PURUP, S. "Influence of prepubertal feeding level on milk yield potential of dairy heifers: A review" "Journal of Animal Science","MAR 1997","75","3","828-835" "K. Sejrsen/Natl Inst Anim Sci/Dept Prod Qual/DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark" "In replacement heifers, high levels of feeding resulting in high growth rates in the prepubertal period can cause severe reduction of the milk production potential. This has been demonstrated in many experiments; however, there are a number of experiments where this effect is not seen. In many cases, the reason for the lack of effect seems fairly obvious (short treatment periods, high pretreatment growth rates, small growth rate differences between treatment groups, variation of growth rates within treatment groups, treatment periods outside the critical period, etc.). However, in a few experiments absence of treatment effect cannot be explained in this way. This demonstrates that our knowledge on the effect of nutrition during 41 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

rearing on the future milk yield of heifers is incomplete and that it may be possible to develop high growth rate feeding regimens for heifers. Experimental evidence suggests that the observed negative effects of feeding level on subsequent milk are due to impaired mammary development. Development of suitable high growth rate feeding regimens therefore requires understanding of the influence of nutrition on the physiological regulation of mammary development. Available data suggest that the growth hormone- insulin- like growth factor I axis is involved, but it is not clear how. It is likely that understanding of the role of insulin- like growth factor binding proteins is important. Alternative hypotheses involve possible effects of growth factors and modifications of mammary tissue sensitivity to hormones and growth factors."

CAPITULO VII INFERTILIDAD y ESTERILIDAD del MACHO ANDERSON, D.E.; STJEAN, G.; DESROCHERS, A.; HOSKINSON, J.J. "Use of Doppler ultrasonography and positive-contrast corpus cavernosography to evaluate a persistent penile hematoma in a bull" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","NOV 1 1996","209","9","1611" "D.E. Anderson/Ohio State Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Vet Clin Sci/Columbus, OH 43210 USA" "A 32- month-old Angus bull was evaluated because of a 2-month history of a slowly progressive swelling located cranial to the base of the scrotum. The mass was 8 X 8 X 6 cm, and was causing phimosis. The mass was determined to be a penile hematoma on the basis of results of ultrasonography and exploratory surgery Surgical evacuation was not performed initially because the deep fascia of the penis was intact and the hematoma was small; however, the hematoma enlarged slowly during the ensuing 2 months, despite sexual rest and isolation from other livestock. Doppler ultrasonography and positive-contrast corpus cavernosography were performed, and the hematoma was seen as a space-occupying mass within the corpus cavernosum penis; vascular anomalies were not found. The penile hematoma was surgically excised, and the bull was isolated for 60 days. At followup, the owner indicated that the bull had returned to pasture-breeding soundness and was still being used 2 years after surgery. The small penile hematoma in this bull was unusual in that it did not respond to medical treatment. Surgical treatment was apparently curative, even though surgery was not performed until 4 months after the hematoma was first detected." DESROCHERS, A.; STJEAN, G.; ANDERSON, D.E. "Surgical management of preputial injuries in bulls: 51 cases (1986-1994)" "Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 36: 9 (SEP 1995) 553-556" "A. Desrochers, Kansas State Univ Agr & Appl Sci, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA" "The purpose of this study was to compare success rates for preputial surgery depending on the initial diagnosis, ability to extend the penis, use of sedation and local anesthesia versus general anesthesia for surgery, and surgical technique, Medical records of 51 bulls treated surgically for preputial injury were reviewed, The mean age of the bulls was 2.5 years ranging from 1 to 5 years. Bos taurus breeds (82.3%) were more often affected than Bos indicus breeds (17.7%), The most common breeds represented in this study were Angus (45.1%), Simmental (11.8%), and brangus (9.8%). The seasonal incidence of preputial 42 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

injuries was higher during the period of May-July (52.9%) and November-February (33.3%), The overall success rate was 70%, Posthioplasty was more successful than circumcision (90% to 43%) (P < 0.05), The success rate for surgeries performed under inhalation anesthesia in the surgery suite was 100% compared with a success rate of 63% for those animals operated on with injectable and local anesthesia in a rotary chute (P < 0.05), The success rate was 88% if the penis could be extended before the surgery and 36% if extension was not achieved (P < 0.05)." MAARSCHALKERWEERD, R.J.; ENDENBURG, N.; KIRPENSTEIJN, J.; KNOL, B.W. "Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour" "Veterinary Record","JUN 14 1997","140","24","617-619" "R.J. Maarschalkerweerd/Univ Utrecht/Fac Vet Med/Dept Clin Sci Compan Anim/POB 80-145/NL-3508 Td Utrecht, Netherlands" "One hundred and twenty-two dog owners were interviewed to obtain information about the effects of orchiectomy on the behaviour, unwanted side effects, and testosterone-dependent disease processes in their dogs. Behavioural problems were the main reason for orchiectomy, unwanted sexual behaviour being the most common, together with roaming, aggression, and abnormal urination behaviour, Objectionable sexual behaviour, inter- male aggression, roaming, and abnormalurination were reduced after orchiectomy in approximately 60 per cent of the dogs, The side effects of orchiectomy included increased bodyweight, increased appetite and decreased activity in less than 50 per cent of the dogs, and there was asignificant relationship between increased appetite and bodyweight, The clinical signs of testosterone-dependent disease in most of the dogs either decreased or disappeared after orchiectomy." NIE, G.J.; POPE, K.C. "Persistent penile prolapse associated with acute blood loss and acepromazine maleate administration in a horse" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","SEP 1 1997","211","5","587" "G.J. Nie/Auburn Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Large Anim Surg & Med/Auburn, AL 36849 USA" "Prolonged penile prolapse in horses has been reported in association with administration of phenothiazine tranquilizers, trauma, neuropathies, severe general debilitation or exhaustion, starvation, rabies, herpes myeloencephalitis, equine infectious anemia, and purpura hemorrhagica. A 5-year-old gelding was admitted for treatment of prolonged penile prolapse of 12 days' duration that developed after acepromazine maleate was administered to allow examination of a laceration that had resulted in severe blood loss. The horse was sedated, and the penis was replaced in the preputial cavity by use of a combination of massage and bandaging. Treatment was successful, and recovery was complete." ROSER, J.F. "Endocrine regulation of reproductive function in fertile, subfertile and infertile stallions" "Reproduction in Domestic Animals","AUG 1995","30","4","245-250" "J.F. Roser/Univ Calif Davis/Dept Anim Sci/Davis, CA 95616 USA" "The specific nature and relative contribution of the various factors involved in the endocrine/paracrine/autocrine control of reproductive function in normal stallions are not well defined nor have they been elucidated in the idiopathic subfertile/infertile stallion. Over the last 9 years, our laboratory has been engaged in characterizing the 43 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPT) in fertile, subfertile (idiopathic oligospermia) and infertile (idiopathic azoospermia) stallions. Our studies have not only identified endocrine factors and mechanisms important for normal reproductive function, but they have demonstrated specific hormonal alterations in pituitary and testicular function between fertile, subfertile and infertile stallions. Recent evidence suggests that the primary defect is at the level of the testes. The nature of the dysfunction does not appear to involve changes in LH receptor binding kinetics but may be related to post-receptor mechanisms."

CAPITULO VIII ENFOQUE CLÍNICO de la INFERTILIDAD y de la ESTERILIDAD del MACHO AURICH, C.; BADER, H.; TOPFERPETERSEN, E. "Diagnosis of reproduc tive disorders in the stallion" "Praktische Tierarzt","OCT 1 1995","76","10","905" "C. Aurich/Hannover Sch Vet Med/Inst Reprod Med/Bunteweg 15/D-30559 Hannover, Germany" "This article reviews possibilities for the diagnosis of reproductive disorders in the male horse. The procedure of reproductive evaluation (examination of genital organs and sexual behaviour, analysis of semen parameters) is described. Possibilities for reproductive endocrine function testing in stallions and cryptorchids are given. Recent procedures in reproductive evaluation of the male (ultrasonography of testes and accessory sexual glands, endoscopic examination of the urethra, computerized analysis of sperm motility, assessment of membrane integrity by fluorescent stains) are shown. The physiology of sperm-egg- interactions and the use of zona-sperm binding assays for the assessment of equine sub- and infertility are described." JOHNSON, L.; BLANCHARD, T.L.; VARNER, D.D.; SCRUTCHFIELD, W.L. "Factors affecting spermatogenesis in the stallion" "Theriogenology","NOV 1997","48","7","1199-1216" "L. Johnson/Texas A&M Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth/College Stn, TX 77843 USA" "Spermatogenesis is a process of division and differentiation by which spermatozoa are produced in seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubules are composed of somatic cells (myoid cells and Sertoli cells) and germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids). Activities of these three germ cells divide spermatogenesis into spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis, respectively. Spermatocytogenesis involves mitotic cell division to increase the yield of spermatogenesis and to produce stem cells and primary spermatocytes. Meiosis involves duplication and exchange of genetic material and two cell divisions that reduce the chromosome number to haploid and yield four spermatids. Spermiogenesis is the differentiation without division of spherical spermatids into mature spermatids which are released from the luminal free surface as spermatozoa, The spermatogenic cycle (12.2 days in the horse) is superimposed on the three major divisions of spermatogenesis which takes 57 days. Spermatogenesis and germ cell degeneration can be quantified from numbers of germ cells in various steps of development throughout spermatogenesis, and quantitative measures are related to number of spermatozoa in the 44 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

ejaculate. Germ cell degeneration occurs throughout spermatogenesis; however, the greatest seasonal impact on horses occurs during spermatocytogenesis. Daily spermatozoan production is related to the amount of germ cell degeneration, pubertal development, season of the year, and aging. Number of Sertoli cells and amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig cells and Leydig cell number are related to spermatozoan production. Seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to elevated temperature, dietary deficiencies, androgenic drugs (anabolic steroids), metals (cadmium and lead), x-ray exposure, dioxin, alcohol, and infectious diseases. However, these different factors may elicit the same temporary or permanent response in that degenerating germ cells become more common, multinucleate giant germ cells form by coalescence of spermatocytes or spermatids, the ratio of germ cells to Sertoli cells is reduced, and spermatozoan production is adversely affected. In short, spermatogenesis involves both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and an unsurpassed example of cell differentiation in the production of the spermatozoon. Several extrinsic factors can influence spermatogenesis to cause a similar degenerative response of the seminiferous epithelium and reduce fertility of stallions. (C) 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc." THOMPSON, J.A.; JOHNSON, W.H. "Scrotal size of yearling sires and early calving in beef herds: Epidemiological investigation of possible causal pathways" "Theriogenology 43: 7 (MAY 1995) Page(s) 1279-1287" "J.A. Thompson, Texas A&M Univ, Texas Vet Med Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA" "Scrotal circumference has been recommended as a clinical test for predicting the fertility potential of yearling bulls. The objectives of this study were to determine if scrotal size of yearling bulls influences herd fertility and to investigate specific causal pathways. Calving records from 44 herds enrolled in the Beef Herd Improvement Plan were selected from the data base for 1984 to 1989. Logistic regression was used to model the event of calving within the first 3 wk of the calving season as a function of scrotal circumference, herd size, age and the interactions of scrotal circumference with age, scrotal circumference with herd size, and herd size with age and the random effects of herd. The odds of cows calving in the first 3 weeks of the calving season were lower in large herds (> 30 vs 20 to 30 calves born per season) and with younger yearling bulls (12 to 15 vs. 16 to 18 months of age). Early calving was not associated with scrotal circumference, or the interactions scrotal circumference with herd size and scrotal circumference with age p > 0.15). It was concluded that the female:male ratio and age of bull both affected the odds of a cow calving early, but neither of the associations was altered by selection for bulls with a larger scrotal circumference, and therefore scrotal circumference is not included in either of the 2 causal pathways.

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PARTE II En relación con el "ANEXO" al libro de "Fisiopatología de la Reproducción"

ANEXO I "ACTUALIZACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA COMPLEMENTARIA" ARCHBALD, L.F.; TSAI, I.F.; THATCHER, W.W.; TRAN, T.; WOLFSDORF, K.; RISCO, C. "Use of plasma concent rations of 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) in the diagnosis of sub-clinical endometritis and its relationship to fertility in the postpartum dairy cow" "Theriogenology","JUN 1998","49","8","1425-1436" "L.F. Archbald/Univ Florida/Coll Vet Med/Gainesville, FL 32610 USA" "The objective of this study was to determine the value of using plasma concentrations of PGFM to diagnose subclinical endometritis in the dairy cow, and its relationship to subsequent fertility. A total of 274 cows between 24 to 29 d post partum was divided into 4 groups on the basis of clinical features of the uterus and ovary. Cows in Group 1 (n=74) had a normal, involuting uterus and a CL on the ovary; cows in Group 2 (n=51) had a normal, involuting uterus but no CL on the ovary; cows in Group 3 (n=83) did not have a normal, involuting uterus but had a CL on the ovary; and cows in Group 4 (n=66) did not have a normal, involuting uterus or a CL on the ovary. A blood sample was obtained from each cow on the day they were placed on the study, and plasma concentrations of PGFM and P4 were determined using RIA. Cows were artificially inseminated (AI) at the first observed estrus after Day 60 post partum, and pregnancy was determined by palpation of the uterus per rectum between 45 and 50 d postAI. Reproductive responses evaluated were conception rate to first service, days open, and percentage of cows pregnant by 90, 120, 150 and 180 d post partum. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS and a 2x2 factorial with contrast procedures. Polynomial regression analysis was used to determine the shape of the PGFM, P4 and fertility curves. There was no difference among mean PGFM concentrations of cows in each group. The rate of decline of plasma PGFM concentrations was lower in cows with an abnormal uterus and a CL on the ovary compared with those without a CL. A lower percentage of cows with abnormal uteri was pregnant by 90 d post partum compared with cows with normal uteri. From the results of this study, it was concluded that plasma PGFM concentrations between Days 24 to 29 post partum were not effective in identifying cows with subclinical endometritis. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc." ARECHIGA, C.F.; VAZQUEZFLORES, S.; ORTIZ, O.; HERNANDEZCERON, J.; PORRAS, A.; MCDOWELL, L.R.; HANSEN, P.J. "Effect of injection of beta-carotene or vitamin E and selenium on fertility of lactating dairy cows" "Theriogenology","JUL 1 1998","50","1","65-76" "P.J. Hansen/Univ Florida/Dept Dairy Poultry Sci/Gainesville, FL 32611 USA" "Experiments tested whether supplemental antioxidants improved fertility. To test effects of beta-carotene, cows in a hot environment were injected with prostaglandin F-2 46 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

alpha (PGF(2 alpha)) and were given 3 injections, im, of 800 mg beta-carotene or saline at Days -6 and -3 before the anticipated date of insemination and at insemination (n=37-41 inseminated cows/group). There was no effect of beta-carotene on the proportion of cows detected in estrus following PGF(2 alpha), timing of estrus after PGF(2 alpha), injection or pregnancy rate in inseminated cows. In a second trial, cows in a temperate climate received intramuscular injections of vitamin E (500 mg) and selenium (50 mg) at 30 d post partum (n=97) or were unheated controls (n=89). Treatment did not affect interval from calving to first insemination or the proportion of cows pregnant at first service, but it increased the pregnancy rate at second service (69.8 vs 52.1%; P=0.07) and reduced services per conception(1.7 vs 2.0; P908 cows) of dairy cows. Cows were allocated to a treatment group receiving a slow-release intraruminal bolus containing 32 g of sodium monensin that was administered 40 d before and 50 d following the anticipated calving date or to a control: group. Treatment did not significantly alter any reproductive outcome; 54.5% of cows treated with monensin and 58.2% of control cows were pregnant at first service, and days to conception were lower for cows treated with monensin. The hazard rate (0.95) was not significant for these cows. The percentage of cows pregnant was 83.8 for cows treated with monensin and 83.3 for control cows, and days to first estrus (hazard rate = 1.04) and first service (hazard rate = 1.04) were not significantly higher for treated cows.%Treatment with monensin did not significantly alter the risk of any disease. The incidence of retained fetal membranes, pyometra, lameness, abortion, and infectious diseases was not significantly lower for cows in the treatment group, and the incidence of mastitis was not significantly higher for cows in the treatment group. Monensin significantly increased milk production by 0.75 L/d per cow and tended to increase milk fat and protein yields but had no significant effect on milk fat or milk protein percentages. Changes in the production of milk and milk constituents were consistent throughout lactation." BOERSMA, A.; BRAUN, J. "Computer-assisted analysis of sperm morphology in veterinary medicine" "Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift","1999","112","3","81-85","German Article" "Boersma A./Univ Munich/Gynakol & Ambulator Tierklin/Koniginstr 12/D-80539 Munich/GERMANY" "The evaluation of spermatozoal morphology is an essential step to determine the fertility potential in male individuals. The method of computer-assisted morphometry provides an efficient tool to evaluate objectively morphological anomalies of the sperm head. This review describes the development acid current status of morphometry systems and addresses the various problems associated with this method in veterinary medicine. Although there are some unanswered questions, a number of interesting results have been obtained. In 48 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

all species investigated an individual influence on sperm head dimensions could be demonstrated. In the bull the extent of variability rather than absolute morphometric data is related to ind ividual fertility. The method of computer-assisted morphometry will also help to develop well defined criteria for subjective evaluation of sperm morphology. Further research has to be directed towards the evaluation of the sperm mid-piece. The ultimate goal is the automatic determination of spermatozoal morphology.","","0005-9366","Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag Gmbh/Kurfurstendamm 57/D-10707 Berlin/Germany" BRAUN, J.; WORNER, B.; STOLLA, R. "Follicular development and cyclic functions in cows after intra uterine treatment with Lotagen(R)" "Tierarztliche Umschau","JUL 1998","53","7","409-412" "J. Braun/Univ Munich/Gynakol & Ambulator Tierklin/Koniginstr 12/D-80539 Munich, Germany" "The aim of this study was to examine the follicular wave pattern in non- lactating cows (Simmenthal, Brown Swiss) during spontaneous estrous cycles and after intrauterine treatment with a 4% Lotagen(R) solution on day 5 or 15 of the estrous cycle. Follicular activity was monitored by ultrasonography using a 5-MHz linens array trans rectal transducer. Number and diameter of follicles with a diameter of >5 mm were recorded. During 22 control cycles, a two-wave pattern was detected in 16 cases and a three-wave pattern in 6 cases. The mean cycle length of two-wave inter-estrus intervals (21.4 days) was shorter than for three-wave intervals (23.7 days). Uterine infusion on day 5 led to a shortened cycle length (15.7 days). In 5 of 13 cows treated, only one follicular wave developed. A two-wave pattern was observed in 7 cases. In one-wave cycles, the treatment led to prolonged period of a static dominant follicle, before ovulation occurred.. Intrauterine infusion on day 15 (11 cows) extended the inter-estrous interval (24.9 days). In 10 cows the follicular wave producing the ovulatory follicle developed after treatment. Seven three-wave and four two-wave cycles were observed. The results demonstrate the influence of uterine infusion on estrous cycle length and follicular growth. The prolonged static phase of the dominant follicle in one-wave cycles after treatment on day 5 may compromise fertility in the following estrous period." BUSCH, W.; GRUSSEL, T. "Use of peroxiethan acid (peracetate acid Uterofertil (R)) for treatment of bovine endometritis" "Praktische Tierarzt","AUG 1 1998","79","8", "746" "W. Busch/Philippstr 13/D-10117 Berlin, Germany" "We used the drug peroxiethan acid (peracetate acid-PAS) for treatment of endometritis in cattle. PAS was used before in flushing of wounds and for desinfection in human medicine. This drug posesses a bacteriocid, a virucid and an antimycotic effect, caused by the low pH, by the O-2 in statu nascendi and by development of acetate some times after application. A lot of biochemical reactions in the cell wall and in the cell body are induced. Applied into the uterus we observed a high incidence of phagocytosis. In a clinical experiment 2.305 cows were treated, one part with PAS and the other with the traditional procedure. In five experiments we achieved equal or higher reproductive results after treatment with PAS in comparision with the traditional drugs. Besides the above described results there are additional advantages: no resistence, no residuals in milk or meat. The PAS is contained in the trademark ''Uterofertil(R) neu''."

49 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

BUXTON, D. "Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats: recent advances" "Veterinary Research","MAY-AUG 1998","29","3 -4","289-310" "D. Buxton/Int Res Ctr/Moredun Res Inst/Div Virol/Pentlands Sci Pk/Bush Loan/Penicuik EH26 0PZ/Midlothian, Scotland" "The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a serious cause of fetal mortality in sheep and goats. Oocysts, the parasite stage responsible for initiating infection, are produced following a primary infection in cats. A primary infection in pregnant sheep and goats can establish a placental and fetal infection which may result in fetal death and resorption, abortion or stillbirth. Diagnosis is aided by the clinical picture, the presence of characteristic small white necrotic foci in placental cotyledons, the possible presence of a mummified fetus and on fetal serology and histopathology. Development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for T. gondii may also provide a valuable diagnostic tool. Measures to control abortion include improved management: of farm cats, fodder and water. Vaccination of sheep with the live vaccine is an effective preventive measure and the use of decoquinate in feed may be useful in some situations. Neospora caninum is related to T. gondii and while its asexual life cycle is similar to that of the latter it is currently not known whether it has a similar sexual life cycle in a definitive host. Neospora is an important cause of fetal loss in cattle and parallels that of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats. While it does not appear to cause frequent losses in these latter animals, experimental infection is readily induced in them and if initiated during pregnancy provides a very good model of the bovine infection. Furthermore clinical signs and patho logical lesions in sheep and goats are similar to those induced in them by T. gondii, although there are subtle histopathological differences. These changes will aid possible diagnosis as will specific serological tests such as the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the PCR. Sarcocystis, which exists as numerous species, undergoes a coccidian- like life cycle with each having a distinctive definitive (usually carnivore) host which excretes sporocysts into the environment. Clinical sarcocystiosis is much less commonly diagnosed than toxoplasmosis and neither is it normally associated with fetal infection or abortion in either sheep or goats. However, infection is extremely common throughout the world and follows ingestion of food or water contaminated with sporocysts. Clinical signs, when seen, include fever, anaemia, inappetance and weight loss or reduced weight gain. Central nervous signs (hind limb weakness, ataxia, paresis), acute myopathy and death may occur. Diagnosis is difficult as infection is %so common and clinical signs absent, mild or non-specific. Serology may be useful in some situations and histopathology/immunohistochemistry is valuable for confirming the cause of death. Control relies on preventing contamination of pasture and water with faeces of dogs, foxes and cats or by controlling access of young susceptible stock to contaminated land. Relatively little is known of the immunity induced by infection with Sarcocystis spp, but research indicates that protective immunity does develop and that cell- mediated mechanisms are probably important. It is likely that sarcocystiosis is underdiagnosed as a problem and that better diagnostic methods are needed to show the true extent of the losses caused. Neosporosis on the other hand would appear not to be so common in sheep and goats. The value of experimental infections in these animals may be to provide a comparative model of the infection in cattle in the same way that our understanding of toxoplasmosis in sheep provides a superior model of human toxoplasmosis. (C) Inra/Elsevier, Paris."

50 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

CAMPBELL, M.H.; MILLER, J.K.; SCHRICK, F.N. "Effect of additional cobalt, copper, manganese, and zinc on reproduction and milk yield of lactating dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin" "Journal of Dairy Science","1999","82","5","1019-1025" "Campbell M.H./Univ Tennessee/Dept Anim Sci/Knoxville,TN 37996 USA" "The objective of this study was to determine whether organically complexed Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn would improve the reproductive performance and milk and milk component production in lactating dairy cows that began receiving bovine somatotropin in the ninth week of lactation. Holstein(n = 50) and Jersey(n = 10) cows were blocked by breed, lactation number, and incidence of retained fetal membranes. Two diets assigned within blocks and fed from parturition until 154 d of lactation were control or control supplemented daily with 26 mg of Co as Co glucoheptonate, 125 mg of Cu as Cu-Lys, 199 mg of Mn as Mn-Met, and 359 mg of Zn as Zn-Met. Cows were fitted with electronic pressure-sensing devices in the second week of lactation for detection of estrus. Ovarian structures were determined via transrectal ultrasonography at 7-d intervals from parturition until observation of the first corpus luteum. Blood samples were taken at 7-d intervals and analyzed for plasma concentrations of progesterone, insulin, and urea nitrogen. Onset of luteal activity was identified by progesterone concentrations greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml. Retained fetal membranes increased days to first estrus (detected via electronic estrous detection), first luteal activity, and first corpus luteum in control cows but not in supplemented cows. Days to first observed estrus were greater for control cows than for supplemented cows. Days to first service, days open, days from first service to conception, services per conception, milk yield, milk components, and somatic cell counts were similar for control and supplemented cows. Supplementation with complexed trace minerals effectively reduced days to first estrus.","","0022-0302","Amer Dairy Science Assoc/1111 N Dunlap Ave/Savoy/IL 61874/USA" CORRO, M.; RUBIO, I.; CASTILLO, E.; GALINDO,L.; ALUJA, A.; GALINA,C.S.; MURCIA, C. "Effect of blood metabolites, body condition and pasture management on milk yield and postpartum intervals in dual-purpose cattle farms in tropics of the State of Veracruz, Mexico" "Preventive veterinary Medicine", "1999, 38, 2-3, 101-117" "Corro M./Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico/Fac Vet Med & Zootechn/Ctr Res Teaching & Extens Trop Anim Husbandry/Apartado Postal 136/Martinez De La Torre/Veracruz/MEXICO" "Research was conducted on typical smallholder farms with dual-purpose cattle (DPC) (Bos indicus x B. Taurus) in the coastal north-central area of Veracruz, Mexico. The study was divided into two phases. The aim of the first phase was to investigate the effect of blood metabolites, body condition and pasture management on milk yield and postpartum intervals, in order to investigate if the former are suitable indicators of the reproductive and nutritional status of DPC. One hundred and sixty- five calvings of crossbred cows were recorded from January 1992 to November 1994 on 12 small farms. Milk samples were collected twice a week for progesterone analysis. Blood samples and BCS were taken once a month. However, in Phase II emphasis was placed on the effect of pasture management upon reproductive and productive performance of DPC. Records of four farms were obtained from June 1995 to November 1996. Stocking rates were 0.40, 0.87, 0.35 and 1.5 cows/ha for farms A, B, C and D, respectively. Farms A and C used a slow rotation while B and D used a rapid rotation. In Phase I, the changes in BCS during the last month of pregnancy and first month postpartum 51 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

did not correlate (p>0.05) with milk yield or reproductive performance. Blood the metabolite profiles were not consistently related to productive or reproductive variables. The effect of farm and season was significant (p100 d in milk, exhibiting >2 standing events during estrus, and inseminated during March, April, or May." DRANSFIELD, M.B.G.; NEBEL, R.L.; PEARSON, R.E.; WARNICK, L.D. "Timing of insemination for dairy cows ident ified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system" "Journal of Dairy Science","JUL 1998","81","7","1874-1882" "R.L. Nebel/Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ/Dept Dairy Sci/Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA" "The optimal time of artificial insemination (AI) was determined from data for 2661 AI in 17 herds utilizing a radiotelemetric system for estrus detection that has the potential for continuous 24-h surveillance to monitor behavioral events associated with estrus. The system consisted of pressure-sensitive radio frequency transmitters affixed over the sacrum region of cows,The activation of the sensor sent a radiotelemetric signal to a microcomputer via a fixed antenna. Cow identification, date, time, and duration of each standing event were recorded in the software program provided with the system. Each farm selected a 3-h interval to Al far cows that were identified in estrus during the previous 24 h. Pregnancy status was determined from data for return to estrus and palpation of the uterus 35 to 75 d following Al. Standing events during estrus averaged (+/- SD) 8.5 +/- 6.6 per cow, and the number of events per estrus across herds averaged from 6.2 +/- 5.1 to 12.8 +/- 9.9 per cow. The duration of estrus ranged from 5.1 +/- 3.8 to 10.6 +/- 6.8 h across herds; the mean was 7.1 +/- 5.4 h. The interval from the first standing event to Al affected the probability of pregnancy; the highest conception rates for Al occurred between 4 and 12 h after the onset of standing activity. The probability of pregnancy was higher for cows >100 d in milk, exhibiting >2 standing events during estrus, and inseminated during March, April, or May." FOOTE, R.H.; RIEK, P.M. "Gonadotropin-releasing dairy cows with hormone improves reproductive performance of slow involution of the reproductive tract" "Journal of Animal Science","1999","77","1","12-16" "Foote R.H./Cornell Univ/Dept Anim Sci/204 Morrison Hall/Ithaca,NY 14853 USA" "Eighty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly at calving to receive either 100 mu g of GnRH or saline 13 or 14 d postpartum (PP). From 4 to 28 d PP the cows' reproductive organs were palpated weekly per rectum, and cows were subclassified within each group as undergoing slow (delayed) cervical and uterine involution (abnormal) or as normal cows. La st milk obtained after removing the milking machine was assayed for progesterone 3 times a week for 120 d PP. Fourteen of the 80 cows were removed from the 53 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

experiment because of culling or various veterinary treatments of pathologic conditions that could confound analysis of the GnRH treatment effects. As expected, the treatment of normal cows with GnRH had no significant effects on the first estrus or the first estrous cycle PP, on services per conception, days open, or any other reproductive trait measured. However, in the abnormal group of cows receiving saline, first rebreeding after calving was delayed (81 vs 67 d), fewer were pregnant by 105 d PP (23 vs 64%), and number of days open was greater (121 vs 87 d) compared with those receiving GnRH; all were significant(P < .05). Treated abnormal cows were equivalent to the control normal cows. Thus, GnRH given 13 to 14 d PP to cows characterized as undergoing slow involution of the reproductive system, but with no other clinical problems, seems to assist in promoting rapid normal reproductive function. Subsequent losses due to culling were greatly reduced.","","0021-8812","Amer Soc Animal Science/1111 North Dunlap Ave/Savoy/IL 61874/USA" GANT, R.G.; SANCHEZ, W.; KINCAID, R.L. "Effect of anionic salts on selenium metabolism in nonlactating, pregnant dairy cows" "Journal of Dairy Science""JUN 1998","81","6","1637-1642" "RL Kincaid/Washington State Univ/Dept Anim Sci/Pullman, WA 99164 USA" "The objective of this trial was to determine whether anionic salts in the diets of nonlactating, pregnant cows for 14 to 21 d prepartum affected measures of Se status. One of three dietary treatments (control, anionic salts, and anionic salts plus Se) was administered to 34 nonlactating, pregnant cows using a completely randomized design with repeated measures. The anionic salts were delivered via gelatin capsules that were administered orally in two equal amounts per day, and the Se (3 mg/d) was administered via an intraruminal bolus. The incidence of milk fever among cows was not significantly different across dietary treatments. The severity of hypocalcemia as indicated by concentrations of ionized Ca in serum collected 1.5 increased body condition loss. Fat or thin condition or condition loss was not related to other lactation diseases, fertility parameters, milk yield, or culling. First test day milk yield was 1.3 kg higher after milk fever and was 7.1 kg lower after displaced abomasum. Higher first test day milk yield directly increased the risk of ovarian cyst and lameness, increased 100-d milk yield, and reduced the risk of culling and indirectly decreased reproductive performance. Cows with a fat to protein ratio of >1.5 had higher risks for ketosis, displaced abomasum, ovarian cyst, lameness, and mastitis. Those cows produced more milk but sho wed poor reproductive performance. Given this type of herd health data, we concluded that the first test day milk yield and the fat to protein ratio were more reliable indicators of disease, fertility, and milk yield than was body condition score or loss of body condition score.","","00220302","Amer Dairy Science Assoc/1111 N Dunlap Ave/Savoy/IL 61874/USA" HOEDEMAKER, M. "Postpartal pathological vaginal discharge: To treat or not to treat?" "Reproduction in Domestic Animals","JUN 1998","33","3 -4","141-146" "M. Hoedemaker/Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover/Klin Geburtshilfe & Gynakol Rindes/Hannover, Germany" "In this paper, the physiology of bovine puerperium and pathogenesis of bovine postpartal endometritis were reviewed. The economic impact of a disturbed uterine involution were discussed and the current concepts of treatment of this disease critically evaluated. Despite the fact that therapy is the most controversial aspect of endometritis, some recommendations for the management of this problem were given considering the physiology and pathology of puerperium." HORUGEL, U.; FURLL, M. "Investigations on early diagnosis of disposition to parturient paresis" "Praktische Tierarzt","JUN 1998","79"," Sp. Iss.","86-92" "U. Horugel/Univ Leipzig/Fak Vet Med/Med Klin/Zwickauer Str 53/D-04103 Leipzig, Germany" "From July to September examinations were performed in a dairy cowshed with a stock of 1.930 cows. The examinations were confined to 47 cows of the breed "Schwarzbuntes Milchrind'' (03.6 lactation periods, 05850 kg milk per pear). The aims were to analyse the correlation between the acid-base-status (ABS) and the mineral-nutrient-status (MNS) in the peripartal period and to check parameters of early diagnostic information and their value for disposition to parturient paresis. For that purpose follow- up investigations of ABS and MNS with the help of blood and urine samples were performed 14 days ante partum to 14 days post partum. In order to make the differences clear all examined animals were divided into groups according to the concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca- i) in their blood sub partu and to some ABS parameters ante partum. Ante partum (a.p.) the fodder ration contained a dietary-cation-anion-difference 2 (DCAD 2) of 281 mEq/kg dry matter with 56 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

potassium clearly dominating. The Calcium (Ca) intake totalled 42 g/d and the inorganic phosphate intake was (P-i) 44 g/d. From 14 days a.p. to partus an average continuous 100 mmol/l decrease in the concentration of netto-acid-base-excretion (NABE), of bases and of potassium in the urine was established. Equally the base-acid-quotient (BAQ) fell from 4.0 to 2.1 and the pH-value fell from 8.2 to 7.8, whereas the concentration of acids, ammonium, P-i and Ca in the urine remained stable to a large extent. However, the concentration of Ca, and Pi in the blood dropped immediately before parturition. The a. p. existing alcalotic ABS is determined by a high base concentration especially of potassium. Moreover it was shown clearly that the animals with a relatively high alcalotic ABS a. p. had the lowest concentrations of Ca, in the blood at the time of parturition. Recommendations for early diagnosis of parturient paresis are given. The following recommendations can be derived for 14 d a. p. (a/) and 7 d a. p. (/b): bases < 300/ < 270 mmol/l, NAPE < 250/ < 220 mmol/l, BAQ 4,3, potassium < 300/ < 250 mmol/l, pH-value < 8,4/ less than or equal to 7,8. Unfortunately the formation of the creatinine quotient of the tested urine parameters did not provide any convincing results." JANOWSKI, T.; ZDUNCZYK, S.; CHMIELEWSKI, A.; MWAANGA, E.S. "Progesterone profiles in cows with endometritis " "Tierarztliche Umschau","JUL 1998","53","7","399-402" "T. Janowski/Ul Oczapowskiego 14/PL-10957 Olsztyn, Poland" "Plasma progesterone profiles were determined in 40 cows with endometritis and in 30 healthy cows. Blood samples were collected twice a week up to 60 days post partum. Progesterone concentrations were determined by RIA and the profiles were classified into four basic types. In the cows with endometritis, 45 per cent exhibited an irregular secretion of progesterone with 2 or more short cycles, 30 per cent had a delayed onset of ovarian activity at >30 days post partum and 15 per cent of animals had a prolonged (>20 days) luteal phase. The early initiation of ovarian activity with regular cyclicity was observed in only 5% of cows with endometritis and in 80 per cent of the healthy cows. The first ina ease in progesterone, greater than 3.18 nmol/l occurred significantly later (27.8 +/- 12.3 days post partum) in animals with uterine infection compared with normal cows (21.0 +/- 8.1 days post partum). The duration of the first cycle post partum was longer (19.7 +/- 7.3 days) in cows with endometritis compared with healthy cows (13.7 +/- 5.8 days). The mechanisms involved in puerperal endometritis and disturbances of ovarian function are discussed." JORRITSMA, R.; BALDEE, S.J.C.; SCHUKKEN, Y.H.; WENSING, T.; WENTINK, G.H. "Evaluation of a milk test for detection of subclinical ketosis" "Veterinary Quarterly","JUL 1998","20","3","108-110" "R. Jorritsma/Univ Utrecht/Fac Vet Med/Dept Herd Hlth & Reprod/POB 80151/NL-3508 Td Utrecht, Netherlands" "This study included 190 lactating cows from eight dairy farms and was designed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of a milk test (Ketolac) for detecting subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle. Blood and milk samples were collected between 38 and 50 days post partum, At a beta- hydroxybutyric acid concentration in blood of 1.2 mmol/L, the prevalence of ketosis was 14%. A Response Operator Characteristic curve was drawn for two milk test values: 100 mu mol/L and 200 mu mol/L, Assessment of several beta- hydroxybutyric acid cut-off values in blood showed that when 100 mu mol/L on the Ketolac milk test was defined positive, the most desirable sensitivity-specificity combination was achieved. This milk test can be routinely used to screen a herd for subclinical ketosis." 57 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

KAUFMANN, C.; THUN, R. "The influence of acute stress on the secretion of cortisol and progesterone in the cow" "Tierarztliche Umschau","JUL 1998","53","7","403" "R. Thun/Univ Zurich/Klin Androl & Gynakol/Winterthurerstr 268/CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland" "The effects of acute stress, induced by immobilisation in a crush for 2 hours for. hoof treatment, on the secretion of cortisol and progesterone was studied in cows during two different stages of the oestrous cycle. Five Brown Swiss cows were exposed to this stress on two occasions, once in the luteal and once in the oestrous phase, during which cortisol and progesterone were estimated in blood samples taken every ten minutes. During stress, cortisol concentrations increased significantly in all cows with ma.maximum values of 27 ng/ml plasma, independent of the phase of the cycle. PI Progesterone concentrations were elevated only in cows in oestrous, with the greatest values between 1.9 and 8.8 ng/ml plasma. In unstressed animals progesterone concentrations during oestrus varied below 0.6 ng/ml plasma. The stress- induced increase in progesterone is most likely derived from the adrenal cotter and possibly from the ovary. The results also suggest a cycle-dependent mechanism of activating the pituitary-adrenocortical system." KITTEL, D.R.; CAMPERO, C.; VANHOOSEAR, K.A.; RHYAN, J.C.; BONDURANT, R.H. "Comparison of diagnostic methods for detection of active infection with Tritrichomonas foetus in beef heifers" "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","AUG 15 1998","213","4","519" "D.R. Kittel/Univ Calif Davis/Sch Vet Med/Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod/Davis, CA 95616 USA" "Objective-To compare sensitivity of a generic trypticase-yeast extract- maltose (TYM) medium versus a commercial nutrient medium in the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in heifers and to assess sensitivity when incubation of samples inoculated into commercial medium pouches is delayed overnight. Design-Prospective study. Animals - 30 virgin beef heifers. Procedures-20 heifers vaccinated with a trichomonad antigen and 10 unvaccinated control heifers were exposed at synchronized estrus by intravaginal instillation of 10(6) T foetus organisms. Cervicovaginal mucus samples were collected every other week for 10 weeks from controls and once (10 weeks after exposure) from vaccinated heifers. Samples were inoculated into both media and immediately incubated at 37 C (98.6 F). A duplicate inoculation from controls was made into commercial medium, and the pouch was shipped overnight to a diagnostic laboratory without prior incubation. Results-For 40 of 50 samples from control heifers, there was agreement on diagnoses between media. There was agreement on a positive diagnosis for 3 of 20 samples from vaccinated heifers and on a negative diagnosis for 15 of these 20 samples. For samples shipped overnight before incubation, there were 10% fewer positive diagnoses, compared with samples incubated immediately in commercial medium and 10% more positive diagnoses, compared with samples immediately incubated in TYM. Clinical implications - Use of the commercial medium is a mo re sensitive indicator of current infection in heifers than use of generic TYM medium. In herds where infection prevalence is high, this method is likely to identify more infected females, an important consideration when control programs include culling of infected cows." 58 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

KOLB, E.; SEEHAWER, J.; STEINBERG, W. "Significance, utilization and application of B-vitamins in ruminants. 2. Niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid and vitamin B-12" "Praktische Tierarzt","1999","80","3","207+","German Article" "Kolb E./Semmelweisstr 4/D-04103 Leipzig/GERMANY" "Under certain feeding conditions the amount of resorbed niacin is not optimal, so daily supplementation with 1 g nicotinic acid per head of growing cattle, 0,5 g per sheep and 6 g per lactating cow augments productivity. Nicotinic acid has an antilipolytic, antiketogenic and a gluconeogenesis stimulating effect. Under usual feeding conditions the resorption of pantothenic acid is sufficient. The synthesis of biotin in the forestomachs is small. The enteral synthetized biotin is resorbed only to a small degree. Supply with 20 mg biotin per cow and day augments the quality of claw horn. The supply with folic acid is under certain feeding conditions not optimal. There is a high synthesis of vitamin B-12 in the forestomachs. Preparations of B-vitamins are especially applied in cases of maldigestion and of a longer interruption of feed intake for the stimulation of cell regeneration and of the activity of the immune system.","","0032-681X","Schlutersche Verlag Druckerei/Georgswall 4/W-3000 Hanover 1/Germany" KYLE, B.L.; KENNEDY, A.D.; SMALL, J.A." "Measurement of vaginal temperature by radiotelemetry for the prediction of estrus in beef cows" "Theriogenology","JUN 1998","49","8","1437-1449" "B.L. Kyle/Univ Manitoba/Dept Anim Sci/Winnipeg/MB R3T 2N2, Canada" "Peaks in vaginal temperature were assessed as predictors of estrus in 22 suckled beef cows during 2 breeding seasons. A flexible plastic anchor was used to retain a temperature radiotransmitter within the cow va gina and vaginal temperature was monitored at C-min intervals. Blood was collected twice weekly for analysis of serum progesterone to confirm the occurrence of estrus and ovarian status was checked weekly using transrectal ultrasonography. Visual observations of estrous behavior were made for 20 min/h between 0400 and 0800 h and casually from 0800 to 1600 h (4 to 6 times). Values for vaginal temperature were available for 47 estrous periods. The prediction of estrus based on vaginal temperature was excellent when an estral peak in vaginal temperature was defined as an increase of at least 0.4 degrees C for 3 or more consecutive hours using the corresponding hourly means of a 2 or 3-d baseline. Combining the results of 2 separate years and using a 3-d baseline, a peak in vaginal temperature was found for 42 of 47 confirmed estrus periods (detection sensitivity of 89.4% and prediction power positive of 85.7%). Corresponding detection sensitivity and prediction power positive for visual observations of standing estrus were 53.2 and 96.2%, respectively. The mean maximal increase in vaginal temperature at estrus was 0.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C and the mean duration of the estrual peak in vaginal temperature was 6.5 +/- 2.7 h. In addition, vaginal temperature was found to be significantly depressed for 3 d prior to estrus and significantly elevated at mid-cycle. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc." MOLTENI, L.; MACCHI, A.D.; MEGGIOLARO, D.; SIRONI, G.;ENICE, F.; POPESCU, P. "New cases of XXY constitution in cattle" "Animal Reproduction Science","1999","55","2","107-113" "Molteni L./Fac Agr/Ist Zootecn Generale/Via Celoria 2/I-20133 Milan/ITALY" "The present paper describes two cases of an XXY condition in Chianina cattle. Both young bulls were routinely investigated cytogenetically before entering progeny test stations. 59 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

Every cell examined in the blood cell cultures showed an XXY constitution. The histological study of the gonads, performed on only one bull, showed degradation of the seminiferous tubules. Only Sertoli cells and hyperplastic interstitial cells were observed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","","0378-4320","Elsevier Science Bv/PO Box 211/1000 AE Amsterdam/Netherlands" NAGY, P.; HUSZENICZA, G.; JUHASZ, J.; SOLTI, L.; KULCSAR, M. "Diagnostic problems associated with ovarian activity in barren and postpartum mares early in the breeding season" "Reproduction in Domestic Animals","JUN 1998","33","3 -4","187-192" "P. Nagy/Univ Vet Sci Budapest/Dept Obstet & Reprod/Budapest, Hungary" "Three studies were carried out to monitor or induce ovarian activity and sexual behaviour in maiden, barren and postpartum mares during the anovulatory season. In the first study maiden and barren mares were followed up by regular blood sampling. In 39% of anoestrus mares the anovulatory season was started after December 1. Mares that stopped cycling before December 1 had significantly longer anovulatory period (P10 mg/dl for cows in all groups; however, no difference was observed among groups on d 1 and 5. Because all groups showed a favorable response, this study suggests that there is no difference in treatment efficacy among antibiotics used to treat cows affected with toxic puerperal metritis." SOBIRAJ, A.; HERMULHEIM, A.; HERFEN, K.; SCHULZ, S. "The effects of different pharmaceutical products on the uterus and placenta following conservative and surgical methods " "Tierarztliche Umschau","JUL 1998","53","7","392" "A. Sobiraj/Univ Leipzig/Ambulator & Geburtshilflichen Tierklin/Margarete Blank Str 8/D-04103 Le ipzig, Germany" "Dystocia is one of the common reasons for the retention of the afterbirth in cows. In a study to prevent this primiparous and multiparous dairy cows which had either caesarean sections of conservative assistance at parturition were treated during the procedure, im mediately post surgery or post partum with pharmaceutical products affecting uterine tone. Group 1 was treated with a secale-alkaloid (2 mg i.m.), the second group received 50 IU of oxytocin intramuscularly together with 35 g calcium borogluconate in solution subcutaneously. The third group received oxytocin intra- myometrially (30 IU), the fourth group was treated with the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor blocking formulation carazolol at a nose of 5 mg intramuscularly the fifth group was injected intravenously with the prostaglandin F-2 alpha-analogue tiaprost and Group 6 received the long acting oxytoxin formulation carbetocine at a dose of 0.35 mg intramuscularly. In comparison with an untreated control group of heifers and cows which had caesarean sections, no reduction in the incidence of retained placenta was observed whatever the parity of the animal. Animals which only received conservative assistance at calving were formed into three treatment groups. The first group received the same dose of carazolol, the second group received tiaprost and the third group carbetocine. The results of these treatments compared with untreated primiparous and multiparous cows with dystokia and conservative finishing of parturition indicated no effect of treatment with carazolol. However; the incidence of release of placentae was increased in primiparous animals treated with tiaprost or carbetocine; no effects were observed in multiparous cows. These results are discussed."

64 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

THOMPSON, J.C.; THORNTON, R.N.; BRUERE, S.N.; ELLISON, R.S. "Selenium reference ranges in New Zealand cattle" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","APR 1998","46","2","65-67" "J.C. Thompson/Batchelar Anim Hlth Lab/POB 536/Palmerston North, New Zealand" "Aim. To compare serum selenium and liver selenium concentrations with whole blood concentrations in samples taken at the same time from unsupplemented cattle, and to use these comparisons to establish a reference range for use in diagnosing selenium deficiency.%Methods. Selenium was measured in concurrent whole blood, serum and liver samples obtained from cattle in unsupplemented herds in the Manawatu, Waikato and Wairarapa regions of New Zealand. The results were statistically analysed.%Results. The revised reference ranges are as follows.%[GRAPHICS]%Conclusion. The serum and liver selenium concentrations used as reference values prior to this study were inaccurate for the detection of selenium deficiency." VISSER, I.J.R.; TERLAAK, E.A.; JANSEN, H.B. "Failure of antibiotics gentamycin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin to eliminate Mycoplasma bovis in artificially infected frozen bovine semen" "Theriogenology","1999","51","4","689-697" "Visser I.J.R./Anim Hlth Serv/POB 361/NL-9200 AJ Drachten/NETHERLANDS" "To study the effect of antibiotics upon Mycoplasma bovis in fresh bovine semen just before freezing, specimens of bovine semen were artificially infected with 1 of 9 different strains of M.bovis, Inocula of each strain were prepared to contain 10(5) to 10(6)/mL colonyforming units of M. Bovis at 3 different stages of the growth phase. The infected semen was diluted with a Tris extender by a 3-step procedure using an antibiotic mixture of gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS). This semen-antibiotic mixture was placed into French straws that were stored at -196 degrees C. The control semen specimens contained no antibiotics. Mycoplasmas were counted after 8 d of storage in 3 decimal dilutions of the frozen semen. No evident effect was noticed upon the 9 tested strains of mycoplasmas in the semen frozen with the antibiotics, compared with that of the untreated control samples. It was further shown that this lack of effect was irrespective of the stage of the growth phase of the mycoplasmas. It was concluded that the antibiotic mixture (GTLS) in semen specimens is not capable of total elimination of mycoplasmas in frozen bovine semen. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc.","","0093-691X","Elsevier Science Inc/655 Avenue of the Americas/New York/NY 10010/USA" WEBB, R.; GUTIERREZ, C.G.; GONG, J.G.; CAMPBELL, B.K. "Dynamics and aetiology of ovarian follicular cysts in post-partum dairy cattle" "Reproduction in Domestic Animals","JUN 1998","33","3 -4","285-288" "R. Webb/Univ Nottingham/Fac Agr & Food Sci/Dept Agr & Hort/Sch Biol/Sutton Bonington Campus/Loughborough LE12 5RD/Leics, England" "Ovarian follicular cysts affect approximately 7-13% of dairy cattle during the post-partum period, prolonging the interval from calving to conception. This amounts to significant losses to the dairy industry. Cysts are commonly accompanied by the expression of behavioural oestrus, resulting in additional costs because of unsuccessful artificial insemination. Although follicular cysts have been the subject of extensive study, particularly in relation to their diagnosis and veterinary treatment, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying their development. Some reports have shown that cows with cysts are associated with higher milk production than non-cystic herdmates. A number of experimental approaches have been utilised to induce follicular cysts, including giving erogenous steroids 65 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

and gonadotrophins and/or altering endogenous gonadotrophin secretion. Utilising these approaches, coupled with rectal ultrasound, it has been observed that follicular cysts are dynamic structures. Follicular cysts can inhibit the growth of subordinate follicles, although the loss of this dominance is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in their diameter. However, their ability to increase in size is not always associated with dominance. It appears as though follicular cysts continue their growth because they are still responsive to the stimulatory effects of gonadotrophins. Evaluation of the success of treatment for cysts is complex because some cysts spontaneously regress and misdiagnosis of cysts occurs. Natural resolution occurs by luteinization of the cyst or by ovulation of the follicular cyst. Some treatments incorporate the induction of luteinization followed by luteolytic treatments. As the improved understanding of the reasons for cyst formation and the mechanisms involved should lead to the development of improved management and preventative strategies to reduce their occurrence." WESTWOOD, C.T.; LEAN, I.J.; KELLAWAY, R.C. "Indications and implications for testing of milk urea in dairy cattle: A quantitative review. Part 1. Dietary protein sources and metabolism" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","JUN 1998","46","3","87-96" "C.T. Westwood/Wrightson Res/POB 939/Christchurch, New Zealand" "Milk urea concentrations in dairy cattle. There has been increased use of milk urea concentration as an indicator of dietary protein intake and protein metabolism in dairy cattle over recent years. The value of milk urea content data in predicting dietary composition, particularly for pasture- fed cattle, has not been well described.%Protein metabolism and urea synthesis. Many factors influence the degradation of dietary proteins in the rumen, post-ruminal protein metabolism and urea synthesis in cattle. Strong positive correlations between nitrogenous fertiliser use and the crude protein content of pastures were identified by use of meta-analysis. Similar strong positive correlations were noted between dietary protein intake, rumen ammonia and plasma urea concentrations. The costs of urea synthesis include energy losses, and importantly, the loss of endogenous amino acids, which are deaminated in the synthesis of urea.%Milk urea as an indictor of protein metabolism. Urea concentrations in blood, plasma and milk are strongly correlated. Milk is an adequate indicator of blood and plasma urea content, but non-nutritional factors may significantly influence milk urea concentrations. Recommendations for dietary protein management based on milk urea concentrations must be undertaken with care." WICHTEL, J.J. "A review of selenium deficiency in grazing ruminants; part 1: New roles for selenium in ruminant metabolism" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","APR 1998","46","2","47-52" "J.J. Wichtel/Univ Prince Edward Isl/Atlantic Vet Coll/Charlottetown/PE C1A 4P3, Canada" "Selenium availability. Selenium deficiency has been an important source of loss to the pastoral industries of New Zealand. About 30% of farmed land in New Zealand is considered to be selenium-deficient and continued development of soils and pasture will tend to further decrease the concentration of selenium in pasture.%Biological functions. Formerly it was believed that all biological functions of selenium in animals could be attributed to the antioxidant activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. More recently, it has been shown that selenoproteins have roles in immune function and thyroid hormone metabolism.%Responses to supplementation. Following supplementation of ruminants grazing pastures deficient in selenium, milk production and growth responses are likely to 66 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

occur in cattle, while in sheep improvements in growth and fertility are most likely. Reproductive dysfunction may not be as important as previously thought in cattle grazing pasture moderately deficient in selenium. The relationship between selenium intake and disease resistance deserves further study. %Clinical Relevance. Management of selenium deficiency will continue to be important in grazing ruminants. Veterinarians should be aware that many selenoenzymes exist, some with functions quite, distinct from the antioxidant role of glutathione peroxidase." WICHTEL, J.J. "A review of selenium deficiency in grazing ruminants; part 2: Towards a more rational approach to diagnosis and prevention" "New Zealand Veterinary Journal","APR 1998","46","2","54-58" "J.J. Wichtel/Univ Prince Edward Isl/Atlantic Vet Coll/Charlottetown/PE C1A 4P3, Canada" "Estimating selenium status. Although the importance of selenium in ruminants has been recognised for over 30 years, problems associated with selenium deficiency are still frequently identified in grazing livestock operations. There is a growing diversity of tools available for the management of selenium deficiency giving rise to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas fo r the veterinary practitioner. There is no single test for selenium adequacy which can be considered superior in all diagnostic situations because the method of choice depends on the objective of the testing procedure.%Reference ranges. Reviewing the available data, the current New Zealand reference ranges for selenium concentrations in ruminant tissue and feed appear valid.%Clinical Relevance. Management of selenium deficiency will continue to be important in grazing ruminants. Practising veterinarians sho uld be familiar with the appropriate use of tests for selenium deficiency. Advice should be based on micronutrient analysis of animal tissue, defensible reference ranges backed by production response data, and supplementation programmes which optimise the return on investment." WITTWER, F.G.; GALLARDO, P.; REYES, J.; OPITZ, H. "Bulk milk urea concentrations and their relationship with cow fertility in grazing dairy herds in Southern Chile" "Preventive Veterinary Medicine","1999","38","2 -3","159-166" "Wittwer F.G./Univ Austral Chile/POB 567/Valdivia/CHILE" "Milk urea determination is being used as a broad indicator of protein/energy imbalance in dairy herds. The main purpose of this study was to compare blood and bulk milk urea values in grazing herds, to evaluate their seasonal variation under South Chilean conditions, and to examine their potential relationships with herd fertility. The association between herd blood urea concentration (mean of seven lactating cows) and bulk milk urea concentration (tank containing milk from the previous 24 h) was determined in 21 dairy herds. Reference values, seasonal and herd variance, and the frequency of herds with values outside a range of 2.5 to 7.3 mmol/l were determined in bulk milk samples obtained monthly for a period of one year from 82 suppliers at two creameries located in southern Chile. Finally, bulk milk urea was measured every two weeks in samples from 24 herds, and the first service conception rate (FSCR) from 2153 dairy cows was determined. Mean bulk urea concentration was highly correlated with mean herd blood urea concentration (r=0.95; p7.3 mmol/l and 3.8% had values 7.3 mmol/l (50.7%) than in cows, where the urea concentration was 30 mm) earlier (P < 0.01) than Group B mares, with least square means for Groups A and B of 47.0 +/- 8.8 vs 88.1 +/- 8.2 d, respectively. Control mares developed 30- mm follicles intermediate to Groups A and B at 67.3 +/- 8.8 d. Bromocriptine decreased (P < 0.05) plasma prolactin levels throughout the study, while perphenazine had no significant overall effect. However, perphenazine treatment did increase (P < 0.05) mean plasma prolactin concentrations from Day 31 to 60 of treatment. There were no differences in mean plasma FSH or estradiol-17 beta between treatment groups. We concluded that daily perphenazine treatment hastened the growth of follicles and subsequent ovulation while bromocriptine treatment appeared to delay the growth of preovulatory size follicles without affecting the lime of ovulation. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc." BESOGNET, B.; HANSEN, B.S.; DAELS, P.F. "Induction of reproductive function in anestrous mares using a dopamine antagonist" "Theriogenology","JAN 15 1997","47","2","467-480" "B. Besognet/Cornell Univ/Coll Vet Med/Dept Clin Sci/Ithaca, NY 14853 USA" "We investigated the role of dopamine in the regulation of seasonal reproductive activity in mates. Nine seasonal anestrous mares, maintained under a natural photoperiod, were treated daily with a dopamine D2 antagonist, [-]-sulpiride (200 mg/mare, im), beginning February 5 (day of year = 36) until the first ovulation of the year or for a maximum of 58. Nine untreated anestrous mates were maintained under the same conditions. The ovaries were examined by ultrasonography twice a week, and blood was collected three times a week for 70 Resúmenes bibliográficos - Libro de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción y Anexo Área de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción - F.C.V. - U.N.C.P.B.A.

progesterone, LH FSH and prolactin determinations. Mean day of first ovulation was significantly advanced for [-]-sulpiride-treated mares than control mares (mean day of year +/- SEM = 77.3 +/- 7.9 and 110.0 +/- 6.8, respectively; P