Download Vascular and Nonvascular Plants

How do we classify and group plants? • What are the major divisions? • How are they grouped and classified? • How do you use a plant identification key?

Plant Taxonomy

• Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no vascular tissue( veins) no true roots, and reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water.

Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates

Plant Divisions

• nonvascular Bryophyta- mosses

• vascular seedless Lycophyta-club moss Pterophyta-Ferns seed plants Gymnosperms-naked seeds Angiosperms-flowering plants

Gymnosperm Coniferophyta- needle or scale leaf, cones ( conifer) Anthophyta or Angiosperm Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3’s Dicots- net veins, petals in 4’s or 5’s

Bryotphytes Mosses

Moses • Non-vascular Plants- No tissues to carry water • Spores used for reproduction • No true roots, stem • Reduced leaves

Liverworts

sporophyte

Mosses

gametophyte

sporophyte

gametophyte

In mosses the dominant stage of their life cycle they only have half of their total chromosme number.

Spore Producing • Spores are reproductive stages that have only half the chromosomes or genetic material.

VASCULAR PLANTS

Lycopodium, Lycophyta

Pterophyta Ferns- reproduce with spores but have veins to carry water

Gymnosperms Naked seeds or seeds produced in cones.

Angiosperms or Anthophyta • Flowering plants • Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.

Antheridium

Archegonium

Liliacea

Taxonomy key\identification key • You always have two choices in a description of the organisms characteristic • Choose the correct choice and it takes you to a name or a number.

dicot

monocot

Opposite Leaf arrangement

Alternate leaf arrangement

Botany

•Tissues, Organs, and Systems

Vascular Tissue Xylem (wood) make up xylem. They are nonliving tubes with openings at the ends to carry water . trachieds and vessel elements

Transport in Vascular Plants • Water and minerals begin movement by osmosis. through root and root hair

Transport in Plants cont.

capillary action in xylem vessel element Adhesion-water vessel wall Cohesion- water to water

Transpiration- water moves out through stoma in the leaf. closed

H2O

Loss of Turgor

Turgor

• Phloem carries carbohydrates sieve tube elements-connected by sieve plates

Summer Wood

Vascular phloem Cork cambium cambium CORK

Spring wood

Phloem rays Heart wood

Vascular Tissue • Xylem- wood, carries water Spring wood- larger openings smaller ring Summer wood – more compact rigs are wider Phloem- carries sugar phloem rays carry back and forth

Growth Tissue • Vascular Cambium- grows new xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside • Cork cambium- grows new cork to the outside BARK- is vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium , and cork

11 xylem

4&5

Cortex ( storage, support) (7,8)

phloem

Merristematic Regions • Apical Bud • Root Tips

Apical Meristem

Leaf Primordia

Axillary Bud

Roots TAP

secondary

DIFFUSE primary

Germination • Seeds begin to grow as a result of cell division using much oxygen seeds need warm temperatures, water, and oxygen to germinate but the seed supplies the food.

hypocotyl

Embryonic Tissue

Seed leaves of an embryo

Above the cotyledon

Below the cotyledon

Embryonic root

maturation

merristematic Elongation cap

Leaves- the main photosynthetic parts of a plant • Types of Simple Compound Pinnate Palmate

Leaf Cross Section • Epidermis- prevents water loss protects from UV light • Palisades- photosynthesis zone ( contains much chlorophyll) • Mesophyll ( spongy layer)- storage of gases, water and sugar • Veins – contain xylem and phloem

• Abscision layer- cuts base of leaf off during defoliation

Stomate

• Stomate- leaf opening for gas exchange and water loss • Guard Cells- control opening of stomate • Stoma - opening

Photosynthesis CO2+H2O

light

CnH2n0n+O2

Light- measured as an absorption spectrum, the wavelengths that are most important are different for different types of autotrophs

Photosyntheis • • • •

Plant takes in carbon dioxide\ Plant takes up water Plant produces sugars Plant gives off oxygen

Margin (serrate) petiole

Pinnate veins

Simple Leaf with Entire Margin and Pinnate Veins

Angiosperms or Anthophyta • Flowering plants • Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.

Perfect Flower

STAMEN- male part of flower Anther

Filament

PISTIL or CARPEL

stigma

Pollen tube

style Ovules within the ovary contain an embryo

ovary

2n 3n

Endosperm -food for development 3n

Zygote is 2n

Composite Family

Flower Structures • Stamen- male floral part • Anther- produces pollen ( n) haploid • Filament- stalk that supports stamen

Floral Parts • • • •

Pistil- female floral part Style- stalk that supports stigma Stigma- sticky part attracts pollen Ovary- eggs develop and are fertilized to become seeds

Plant Response to Light –Photoperiodism LONG DAY_ require 12 hr. daylight or more to flower

SHORT DAY-require less than 12 hr daylight DAY NEUTRAL – flower according to maturity not light

Plant Hormones

• Alter cell division • Increase elongation • Regulate gene activity

Auxins

Plant Auxin on Agar Block

Auxin Mutants