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April 12, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: , Science, Health Science, Orthodontics
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TMJ AND UPPER CERVICAL DYSFUNCTION – ADDRESSING POSTURE AND MOTOR CONTROL ISSUES 12/04/14 Johnny Loughrey MISCP Director JT Physiotherapy Ltd

CO-DEPENDANT 

TMJ cannot be looked at in isolation. It is a member of a complex system

(stomatognathic) where it contributes to allow a myriad of vital functions to occur 

That system includes bones (skull, mandible, hyoid clavicle and sternum), joints, ligaments and muscles (including the tongue) that stabilise and control these joints, vascular, lymphatic and neurological systems



All these structures need to work in tandem to allow an individual to speak, eat, swallow, breathe, kiss, smile, laugh…..



The capacity of the TMJ and upper neck to function normally is key to human survival

MOST UTILISED JOINT OF THE HUMAN ARTICULAR SYSTEM 

Essential that we know as health

professionals what we can do to help, and if unable to help who we should refer to 

MDT includes Physiotherapists, GP’s, Dentists, Nurses, Prosthodontists, Endodontists, Maxillofacial Surgeons, Pain Specialists, Mental Health



Each have a special and important role

ANATOMY 

Temporal bone



Mandible



Hyoid



Very close proximity to transverse process of the atlas/C1



Fibrocartilagenous disc



Capsule



Ligaments

1.

Lateral

2.

Sphenomandibular

3.

Stylomandibular

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION 

Temporalis



Masseter



Medial and Lateral Pterygoids



Digastrics



Infra hyoid and Supra hyoid muscles



Innervated by Mandibular branch of Trigeminal Nerve

ANATOMY CX 

Cervical spine- Upper C0-2, Lower C2-7



Blood supply- needs to follow a clear pathway



Neural tissue- needs to follow a clear

pathway 

Soft tissue

1.

Contractile - muscular

2.

Non contractile - ligament, capsule, fascia

UPPER CX SPINE (50% CX ROM) 

C0 – Occiput



C1 - Atlas - Greater ROM than any other vertebrae in spine.



Flexion/Extension 30°



Rotation 4-8°



C2 - Axis - Pivot Dens/Odontoid process.



Rotation 40-50°



Flexion/Extension 10-20°

PREVALENCE OF TMJD 

Very common, estimated to affect 20-30% of the adult population (Gou et al 2009)



Approx 33% have at least one symptom of TMJD (Wright & Edward, 2010)



Females twice as likely to suffer than males (Edwab, 2003)



Main age 20-40 years, student population (Gou et al, 2009)

SYMPTOMS 

Hearing loss



Tinnitus



Dizziness



Sensation of malocclusion



Headache



Pain (TMJ, neck, face, head, shoulder, teeth)



Poor motor control around the jaw



Decreased ROM



Joint sounds

PREVALENCE CX PAIN 

30% to 50% of adults in the general population in any given year. Approximately 50%–85% of these individuals with neck pain do not experience complete resolution of symptoms and some may go on to experience chronic, impairing pain (Carroll et al, 2008)



Posture has a big role to play.

LINK BETWEEN TMJ AND CX 

Significant link between TMJD and Cervical pain (Pressman et al, 1992)



In a systematic review in which 8 studies met inclusion criteria 23% of whiplash patients were suffering from some degree on TMD (HaagmanHenrickson et al, 2013)



Looked at effectiveness of treatment modalities conventionally used for TMD, such as jaw exercises and occlusal splints. The review found that TMD improved more in the absence of cervical WAD (HaagmanHenrickson et al, 2013)



More research needs to be done looking at link between Cx and TMJ.

JAW RESTING POSITION 

Sling/hammock



Passive jaw/relaxed



Tongue on roof of mouth



Resting Freeway Space- space between teeth (2-4 mm)



Mandible centred



If teeth in contact then masseter/temporalis active. We don’t want this.

POSTURE •

• •









Forward Head Position/Pokey Head Syndrome Student occupational hazard Combined mandibular retrusion and upper cervical extension Elongation deep cervical flexors and shortening and hypertonicity of cervical extensors Poor Cervical posture = Increased stress on TMJ Leaves TMJ in a vulnerable position and closes down upper cervical spine and resting freeway space Head can weigh 8-12 pounds

FORWARD HEAD POSITION 

“For every inch of Forward Head Posture, it can increase the weight of the head on the spine by an additional 10 pounds.” (Kapandji, 2008)

FORWARD HEAD POSITION 

‘Clinically patients with FHP are at greater risk of developing swallowing impairment, impingement of the glenohumeral joints, reduced costal cage expansion during inhalation, and lower extremity problems related to hyperpronation (eg ankle sprains, shin splints, and patellofemoral pain)’ (Makofsky, 2003)

TYPES OF PROBLEMS WITH TMJ •

Muscle - Most Important.



Disc



Joint

MUSCLE PROBLEMS 

Muscular – Myofascial pain



Focus needs to be on motor control/improving efficiency



Decrease tension? Only if necessary.

Not always increased tension. 

Deep neck flexors. Supra/infra hyoid muscles- may not be providing a good

enough anchor for the mandible.

MUSCLE PROBLEMS - SCALLOPING 

In presence of poor motor control or lack of jaw stability patients will attempt to provide an extra point of contact



Thrusting tongue into back of teeth



Tooth indentations on the tongue



Sign of a jaw/neck that is struggling

DISC PROBLEMS Anterior Disc Displacement 

Reducing - hard reciprocal click.



Non reducing - limited rom ++



Internal disc derangement present in 80-90% of symptomatic patients (American Society of TMJ Surgeons, 2001)

JOINT PROBLEMS 

OA



Stiffness in inert structures (ligaments, capsule, fascia)



Look for deflection rather than deviation



Reducing disc normally

deviation 

Stiff joint normally deflection

HEADACHE 

Pain arising from the TMJ may

be experienced in any region of the head, due to the common connections within the

Cervico-Trigeminal Nucleus of the Brainstem. 

Watson Technique



TMJ issues may cause headache without TMJ pain

TMJ OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT Callipers o

o

o o o

ROM- best objective measure of junction Tested using callipers (capable of measuring up to 1/10 of a mm) Opening 45-53 mm Lateral deviation 8-12 mm Not much research in this area

IN HOUSE STUDY The Headache Neck and Jaw Clinic, Brisbane, Australia • In house study 2010 involving 52 patients suffering from TMJD • Average improvement 12.8mm opening - this correlated with a significant decrease in pain levels  (www.theheadacheneckandjaw clinic.com.au) 

REFERRAL - WHEN AND WHO TO? Symptom

Probable Cause

Action Plan

Clicking jaw

Disc displacement and ligament restriction

Physiotherapy +/_ Prosthodontist/Dentist (splint therapy)

Locking jaw

Disc dislocation, parafunction

Sudden onset: Oral Surgeon Gradual onset: Physiotherapist

Deviating jaw

Muscle weakness +/- ligament restriction

Demonstrate postural exercises, refer to Physiotherapy

Clenching jaw

Stress based parafunction

Prosthodontist/Dentist/Physiotherapist Medication (diazepam)

Pain without restrcition

Cervical spine referring pain

Physiotherapy referral

Ear pain from jaw movement

Disc displacement with compression of retrodiscal tissue

Physiotherapist/Prosthodontist (splint therapy)

Headaches from clenching

Central sensitization of cervical and trigeminal nerves

Medication and Physiotherapy referral

THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR 

Poor range of movement



Clicking



Deviation/Deflection



Pokey head syndrome with associated neck or jaw pain



Look for evidence of scalloping



Dysfunctional movement patterns (simply ask pt to open/close, move jaw to left or right with tongue on roof of mouth)

ACUTE JAW PAIN Do •

Keep your jaw in neutral posture: place tongue on roof of mouth, teeth apart, lips together and breathe through your nose.



Maintain good neck posture: the jaw and neck are critically dependant on each other.



Try both heat packs and cold packs.



Trial both anti-inflammatories and analgesics. (e.g. Panadol)



Avoid stressful situations! Do whatever works for you to relax.



Cut food into small pieces to avoid opening your jaw past 20mm.



Try to chew evenly on both sides of your mouth (within reason).

Don’t •

Eat hard and chewy foods, choose soft foods like pasta or fish. You don’t have to eat soup.



Tear food with your front teeth e.g. crusty bread rolls.



Chew gum, pens or ice, no biting nails.

TONGUE ON ROOF OF MOUTH EXERCISES 

Tongue on roof of mouth as if saying letter N. Keep tongue steady and

open and close jaw (10 reps) 

Tongue on roof of mouth. Keep tongue steady and move jaw to left and then right (10 reps)



Jaw slightly open - 1cm between teeth. Slowly slide tongue from left side of mouth to right as if cleaning back of top row teeth without moving jaw (10 reps)



Perform 6 x day



Use mirror for visual feedback

REFERENCES American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons, ‘Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Disorders Involving the Temporomandibular Joint and RelatedMusculoskeletal Structures’, 2001.  Clark G, Adachi N, Dorman M, ‘Physical medicine procedures affect temporomandibular disorders, J Am Dent Assoc, 1990, p121:151.  Freund B, Schwartz M, Symington J, ‘The use of botulinum toxin for treatment of temporomandibular disorders’, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57:916, 1999  Haagman-Henrickson B, List T, Westegran H, Alexsson S, Tempromandibular disorder pain after whiplash trauma:a systematic review, Journal of Orofacial Pain’, Vol 27 Issue 3, p217226, 3013. 

REFERENCES Clark G, ‘Classification, causation and treatment of masticatory myogenous pain and dysfunction’, Oral maxillofacial Surgical Clinics of North America, Vol 20, 2008, p145-157  Van Grootel R, Van Der Glass H, ‘Statistically and clinically important change of pain scores in patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders’, European Journal of Pain, Vol 13, 2009, p506-510.  Goldstein D, Kraus S, Williams W, Glasheen-Wray M, ‘Influence of Cervical Posture on Mandibular Movement’, J Pros Dent, Vol 52, 1984 p 421.  Mc Clean L, Brennan H, Friedman M, ‘Effects of Changing Body Position on Dental Occlusion’, J Dent Res, Vol 52, 1973, p 1041. 

REFERENCES Makofsky H, Spinal Manual Therapy, Slack, Thorofare, NJ, 2003, p70.  Kapandji, Physiology of Joints, The Vertebral Column, Pelvic Girdle and Head, Churchill-Livingston, Vol 3, 2008.  Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R, Anatomy and Human Movement Structure and Function, Butterworth-Heinemann, Edinburgh, 2004.  Wright E, North S, Management and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Perspective, Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy, Vol 17, 2009.  Gou C, Shi Z, Revington P, Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular disorders, Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 4, 2009. 

REFERENCES PICTURES http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/anatomy-final2/deck/6866284  www.tonguethrust.com  drkarinmattern.shawwebspace.ca  www.massagebydebrajean.massagetherapy.com  http://www.theheadacheneckandjawclinic.com.au  http://what-when-how.com/dental-anatomy-physiology-andocclusion/the-temporomandibular-joints-teeth-and-muscles-andtheir-functions-dental-anatomy-physiology-and-occlusion-part-3/ 

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