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Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida

Chapter 7 Simpson, 2nd Edition

C. Order Asparagales Hemerocallidaceae – day-lily family

Hemerocallis fulva day-lily

C. Order Asparagales

Alliaceae – onion family 13/600

C. Order Asparagales

Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis family 59/850

C. Order Asparagales

Asphodelaceae – Aloe family 15/780

C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae - iris family

70/1750 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity

1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

equitant leaves sepals and petals petaloid but dimorphic showy flowers radial to strongly zygomorphic stigma petaloid (Iris) anther under stigma branch

P3+3 or (3+3) A3 or (3) G(3) inferior mostly

C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae - iris family

Gladiolus Crocus

Freesia

Sisyrinchium

C. Order Asparagales

Iridaceae - iris family

C. Order Asparagales

P(3+3) A1-3 G(3) inferior with gynostemium

Orchidaceae - orchid family

800/20,000 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity 1) strongly mycotropic habit in terrestrial species 2) diverse in tropics and subtropics; many epiphytic 3) numerous tiny seeds with minute mostly undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm 4) bilateral corolla with labellum = lower lip (simple, sac or spur) [labellum is actually the upper petal but because of resupination, a 180° twist, it appears as the lower one] 6) pollinia - waxy or mealy masses under anther cap 7) gynostemium - stigma + styles + androecium = column 8) pollination involves many elaborate mechanisms 9) five subfamilies

pollinia anther cap

stigma

column

stigma

C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

Spiranthes cernua

C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family

Vanilla planifolia - vanilla extracted from the fermented capsules

Platanthera praeclara - Prairie fringed orchid

Cattleya - common cultivated form

Habenaria – green fringed orchid

Cypripedium - Lady’s slipper

Commelinids •

•

monophyletic chemical apomorphy: cell walls fluoresce under UV light due to a class of organic acids (coumaric, diferulic, ferulic)

D. Order Arecales Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family 200/3000 pantropical

1) arborescent habit – no secondary 2) 3) 4) 5)

6) 7)

growth (from vascular cambium) unbranched trunks broad leaf blade large fan-shaped or pinnately compound leaves = frond well developed vascular system that has vessels in all vegetative organs mycorrhizal roots (lack root hairs) immense economic importance, 2nd only to Poaceae edible fruits, oils, waxes, building materials, numerous ornamentals

P3+3 A3+3 or (3+3) G3or(3) superior

D. Order Arecales Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family

Phoenix - date palm

Cocos - coconut palm Washingtonia- fan palm

K3or(3) C3or(3) A3or3+3 G(3) superior

E. Commelinales Commelinaceae - spiderwort family 39/640cosmopolitan 1) herbs with swollen

nodes 2) somewhat succulent 3) leaves with closed sheaths; spiral along stem 4) flowers subtended by boat-shaped spathes

Tradescantia - spiderwort

Commelina - dayflower

E. Commelinales Commelinaceae - spiderwort family

Prairie Spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis

F. Zingiberales Musaceae – banana family 3/40 cosmopolitan 1) perennial herbs 2) monecious 3) stems subterranean 4) leaves large, basal, spiral,

sheathing forming pseudostem of overlapping leaf bases 5) Old world origins 6) Food: Musa acuminata and M. X paradisiaca 7) Fiber: M. textilis & M. basjoo

P(3+3) A5-6 G(3) inferior

F. Poales •

•

basal groups with showy flowers many species have small, reduced, windpollinated flowers

F. Poales Typhaceae - cattail family 1/13 cosmopolitan

1) emergent aquatics 2) rhizomatous perennials 3) leaves simple, entire 4) monecious 5) inflorescence double

spadix • •

male above female below

6) sepals of bristles or

scales 7) wind pollination 8) female inflorescence disperses winddispersed fruits

P0-3 A3 P0-3 G1 superior

F. Poales Typhaceae - cattail family

Average Cattail Pollen 14 12

grains/m3

10 8 6 4 2 0 2/28

3/31

4/30

5/31

6/30

7/31

8/31

9/30

E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family

P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior

59/2400 New World – tropical diversity 1) perennial herbs or 2)

3)

4)

5) 6) 7)

shrubs terrestrial or epiphytic absorptive peltate trichomes – water & mineral water can collect in “well” by the overlapping leaf bases (tank) leaves often form dense basal rosettes leaves leathery or fleshy twisted stigmas

E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family

P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior

E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family Tillandsia – spanish moss

Ananas comosus - pineapple

E. Poales Juncaceae - rush family 7/350 worldwide 1) perennial herbs 2) “grass-like” 3) variable stems • cylindrical, leaflless stems • flattened stems & 2ranked equitant leaves 4) distinct flowers (unlike

sedges and grasses) never in spikelets 5) scarious (thin, dry) perianth 6) common in wet areas 7) fruit loculicidal capsule

P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior

E. Poales Cyperaceae - sedge family

104/5000cosmopolitan; wetlands of temperate and colder regions 1) “grass-like” herbs 2) semi-aquatic 3) stems 3-sided, solid 4) 5) 6) 7)

pith leaves three-ranked blades flat inflorescence of 1many spikelets fruit = achene

P6or0 A3 G(2-3) superior

E. Poales Cyperaceae sedge family

E. Poales Cyperaceae - sedge family

E. Poales Cyperaceae - sedge family

Cyperus - sedge

Scirpus - bullrush

Eleocharis – spike-rush

Carex - sedge

E. Poales

P2-3 lodicules A2-3 G(2-3) superior

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family 668/9500 cosmopolitan 1) herbs 2) stems terete, swollen nodes,

hollow 3) leaves two-ranked with ligules 4) roots adventitious and fibrous 5) rhizomes/stolons 6) culms erect 7) intercalary meristems 8) inflorescence a spikelet with 2 basal bracts (glumes) 9) floret with 2 bracts (lemma & palea) 10) fruit caryopsis (grain)

· · · · · · · ·

POACEAE stem terete nodes swollen, conspicuous leaves 2-ranked split or open sheath ligule present bracts/flower (lemma & palea) fruit a caryopsis species; 9,500

Bromus - brome Triticum - wheat Andropogon - blue stem Panicum - panic grass Sorghastrum - Indian grass

· · · · · · · ·

CYPERACEAE stem triangular nodes inconspicuous, basal leaves 3-ranked closed sheath ligule absent bract/flower fruit an achene species:5000

Carex - sedge Cyperus - sedge Eleocharis - spike rush Scirpus – bull rush

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii Little Bluestem – Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)

Indian Grass – Sorghastrum nutans

Switch Grass – Panicum virgatum