Download IPM: A conceptual and practical overview Paul Jepson IPPC

IPM: A conceptual and practical overview Paul Jepson IPPC Oregon State University OSU Integrated Plant Protection Center http://ipmnet.org/

Describing IPM on your farm • Prevention

• Prevent introduction to the farm, pest reservoirs, spread between fields • Avoidance • Avoid pest susceptible crops or practices that increase pest losses • Monitoring • Monitor and identify pests, manage sites of high pest risk and use decision support tools • Suppression • Cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods of suppressing pests

IT ALWAYS PAYS TO COMBINE THESE TACTICS TO MINIMIZE PEST RISKS ON YOUR FARM

Balsam twig aphid, Giant conifer aphid Effectiveness

$$

Monitor for populations or signs of honeydew from early spring; determine if populations are increasing, and how widespread they are

No economic thresholds, yet

*

Beauvaria basiana (Mycotrol) Predator and parasite conservation with insectary plantings (selective pesticides) Natural enemy release (lacewings)

*?

** **

Tactic

Method

Prevention

Unknown (how do they enter fields/ natural hosts are widespread, derelict plantations?)

Avoidance

Unknown (variation in impact by tree species, site history, nutrition, management?)

Monitoring & decision support Suppression (biological)

Suppression (chemical) Note restrictions for aerial application, and SLN labels for some products

Broad spectrum (toxic to beneficials): chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), oxydemeton-methyl (MSR), imidacloprid (Admire, Provado) Narrow spectrum, selective: pymetrozine (Endeavor), spirotetramat (Ultor, Movento) (may be toxic to predatory mites), soaps (Mpede)

? Not tried, but very effective in perennial crops **Worked in 2/3 of fields MI

**

** (but can promote outbreaks)

*-**

**, but some new AI’s

**

Christmas tree aphids: pesticide toxicity to natural enemies Pesticide Admire, Provado

Para adult

Para larva

>75%

Pred bugs

Pred mites

?

?

50-75%

Endeavor Lorsban M-pede

?0-10%

?

MSR M-Pede risks are low, but you would have to check that this works with your trees and sprayers, and probably use it early, or in low infestations Try not to use only one chemical type, and try to use a different mode-ofaction to chemicals used against other pests Resistance management seen as an issue

Douglas fir needle midge (Contarinia spp.) Tactic

Method

Prevention

Unknown: plenty of sources!

Avoidance

Late budding cultivars avoid damage

Monitoring & decision support

Traps used to detect adult emergence: very important in avoiding serious damage

Suppression

Shearing in low infestations. Parasitoids: and larval predation in soil possible

(mechanical, biological)

Suppression (chemical)

Broad spectrum (toxic to beneficials): Acephate (Orthene, Lorsban etc) Narrow spectrum, selective: none available

Effectiveness

** ** No economic

$$

* *

threshold, but a regulatory pest

** ?

**

** (may cause

*-**

outbreaks of other pests)

Contarinia spp pesticide toxicity to natural enemies Pesticide Orthene

Para adult

Para larva

Pred bugs

Pred mites

>75%

Lorsban

50-75%

1) Only spray when necessary, but, of course: protect your trees 2) Encourage natural enemy populations on your farm, so that they can reinvade after treatment, and reduce the need for treatment in the long term. 3) May increase the likelihood of an aphid outbreak, if natural enemies are killed 4) Early sprays may not interfere with later emerging parasitoids – research needed, late sprays may limit next year’s populations Fam, Platygastridae; Genus Platygaster

Fam, Pteromalidae; Genus Gastrancistrus

IPPC Degree-Day Models including Douglas-Fir Needle Midge (Contarinia spp.)

Len Coop, IPPC, OSU Corvallis

Phenology Models – developed by field data using lowest error methods Need at least 3-4 years data from a variety of locations Doug fir needle midge – mostly from 1 trap/field, more than 20-47 fields 2009-2011 (provided by D. Silen) Plus data from OSU Extension 1990 Method is to vary the lower threshold and start date and use the value that provides lowest error

Phenology Models – developed by field data using lowest error methods Here is how version 1 of the model looks w/2012 data:

New interface to DD Models – Douglas-fir needle midge http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us?spp=dnm

Google maps for location selection

Nothing else to do but click “Calc”

Comparing output for N. Keizer and Aurora, 3rd June, 2013 Note different timings of critical events

What the model is telling us: timing can vary by 5 weeks or more in cool vs. warm years

Pest Management: Monitoring plays a major role especially since populations are cyclical (due to natural enemies perhaps?) 2012: 22 traps in 22 fields, 44 flies total 2011: 23 traps in 22 fields, 206 flies total 2010: 21 traps in 20 fields, 2 flies total

2009: 47 traps in 47 fields, >500 flies total Box trap

Sticky trap

Parasitic wasps of many pest species require nectar for energy

Pests and natural enemies in Christmas trees Pest

Natural enemy

Aphids

Ladybug, hoverfly, parasitoid, lacewing, ground beetles, spiders

Midge

Parasitoid

Root weevils

Nematodes

Enhanced by pollen and nectar sources

Planting opportunities Caneberry row ends

Caneberry in-row

Blueberry riparian habitat

Blueberry in-row

More farm walks in 2011

Blueberries PLANTS THAT BENEFIT POLLINATORS AND PARASITOIDS

Early blooming Early Native Shrubs/Trees * Willows * Cherries: Prunus * Red Elderberry: Sambucus racemosa * Ceonothus

Early Native Forbs * Lupine: Lupinus polyphyllus * Sulfur Buckwheat: Erigonum umbellatum

Late blooming Late Native Shrubs * Coyote Bush: Baccharis * Ceonothus * Douglas Spirea

Late Native Forbs * Pacific Aster: Aster chiliensis * Goldenrod: Solidago * Common Yarrow: Achillea millefolium * Scarlet Gilia: Ipomopsis aggregate * Common Gaillardia: Gaillardia aristata * Evening Primrose: Oenothera

All species shown in the literature to support parasitic Hymenoptera

Arthropod pesticide resistance database includes >500 species

http://www.pesticideresistance.org/

RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT • Minimize selection for resistance by one ‘type’ of insecticide • Sequences or rotation of ‘Mode of Action’ (MoA) groups • Apply each MoA group during one stage of crop growth or pest development

• Avoid treating successive generations of pests with same MoA group • Avoid spraying where possible; use IPM

• Predators and parasites do not select for resistance: they represent a non-specific MoA group

Aphid/midge pesticide mode-of-action for rotation Chemical class

Pesticide

Nitroguanidine nicotinoid

Provado, Admire

Pyridine azomethine

Endeavor

Soaps

M-Pede

Teramic acid

Movento, Ultor

Phosphoramidothioate Aliphatic organothiophosphate Pyridine organothiophosphate

Orthene MSR Lorsban

Orthene and Lorsban are both in the same mode of action group Lorsban is approved for both aphids and midges If you spray early against a midge infestation, consider a chemical from one of the other mode-of-action groups against aphids to avoid resistance selection, and also avoid a double hit to natural enemies.

Pest Management: other considerations for needle midge -Work on larval exit timing in the fall to see if any remain in needles after harvest - Economic thresholds are lacking for Christmas tree pests in general, would be especially helpful for DFNM - More work should be conducted to distinguish the ID, biology, phenology, and parasitism of the three or more Contarinia species

Maximizing Pesticide Application Efficiency

Drift happens: waste, risky losses and reduced efficacy

PRINTABLE FACT SHEET AVAILABLE AT

IPMNET.ORG

ENGLISH AND SPANISH VERSIONS AVAILABLE

Seasonal drift risk table construction There is a high risk of drift occurring when: 1. Wind drift: Wind speeds > 9mph 2. Thermal drift: Temperatures > 70oF, RH